1. Data Manipulation CSC 2001

2. Overview  Computer Architecture  Machine Language  Computer Architecture  Machine Language

3. Disclaimer  There is A LOT more detail to computer architecture & machine language than what I’ll go over today.  That detail is of great interest, but beyond the scope of this class.  Basically, this is a simplified, high-level view. We can explore more outside of class if you are interested.  There is A LOT more detail to computer architecture & machine language than what I’ll go over today.  That detail is of great interest, but beyond the scope of this class.  Basically, this is a simplified, high-level view. We can explore more outside of class if you are interested.

4. General approach  Build up a basic understanding of architecture and begin to look at how it gets used to manipulate data.

5. Computer Architecture Input device Output device Auxiliary storage device Central Processing Unit Control Unit Arithmetic/logic unit Memory unit

6. Computer Architecture Central Processing Unit Control Unit Arithmetic/logic unit Memory unit Bus

7. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Central Processing Unit Control Unit Arithmetic/logic unit Pentium (Intel) PowerPC (Motorola & IBM) SPARC

8. CPU

9. ~55 million transistors

10. Control Unit Central Processing Unit Control Unit Arithmetic/logic unit Memory unit Bus

11. Control Unit Circuits for coordinating the machine’s activities

12. Arithmetic/Logic Unit Central Processing Unit Control Unit Arithmetic/logic unit Memory unit Bus

13. Arithmetic/Logic Unit Arithmetic/logic unit Circuits for performing data manipulation.

14. Memory  Main memory  Registers  Cache memory  Main memory  Registers  Cache memory

15. Registers  The CPU circuitry has to have a place to hold data that it is working with.  Very fast access  Use:  Control unit transfers data from memory to registers.  Informs the ALU where the data is.  Activates the ALU  Tells it which register to store the result in  The CPU circuitry has to have a place to hold data that it is working with.  Very fast access  Use:  Control unit transfers data from memory to registers.  Informs the ALU where the data is.  Activates the ALU  Tells it which register to store the result in

16. Example: Adding two numbers  Load a register with one value from main memory (control unit/main memory/bus)  Load another register with a value from main memory (control unit/main memory/bus)  Tell the ALU to add two specific registers and where to store the result (control unit/ALU)  Do the addition and store the result (ALU)  Copy the result to main memory (control unit/main memory/bus)  Load a register with one value from main memory (control unit/main memory/bus)  Load another register with a value from main memory (control unit/main memory/bus)  Tell the ALU to add two specific registers and where to store the result (control unit/ALU)  Do the addition and store the result (ALU)  Copy the result to main memory (control unit/main memory/bus)

17. Cache memory  Purpose:  Store pertinent part of main memory on CPU itself for faster access.  Level 1 (L1/primary):  typically small, but on CPU  Level 2 (L2/secondary/backside):  small compared to main memory, larger than L1 cache, not on CPU  Purpose:  Store pertinent part of main memory on CPU itself for faster access.  Level 1 (L1/primary):  typically small, but on CPU  Level 2 (L2/secondary/backside):  small compared to main memory, larger than L1 cache, not on CPU

18. Bus Central Processing Unit Control Unit Arithmetic/logic unit Memory unit Bus

19. Central Processing Unit Memory unit Bus Physically transfers data between CPU and main memory

20. Early programming  Hardwiring (rewiring) the control unit.

21. Breakthrough  Program can be encoded and stored like data.  Generalize control unit to read and execute instructions.  A computer’s set of instructions and the encoding system comprise a machine language.  Program can be encoded and stored like data.  Generalize control unit to read and execute instructions.  A computer’s set of instructions and the encoding system comprise a machine language.

22. Machine Language  Instruction set:  CPU dependent  Usually relatively small  Two philosophies:  Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)  minimal set of instructions; efficient and fast  example?  Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)  larger set; easy to program (at the machine level); one CISC instruction = several RISC instructions  example?  Instruction set:  CPU dependent  Usually relatively small  Two philosophies:  Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)  minimal set of instructions; efficient and fast  example?  Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)  larger set; easy to program (at the machine level); one CISC instruction = several RISC instructions  example?

23. Instruction categories  Data transfer  Arithmetic/logic  Control  Data transfer  Arithmetic/logic  Control

24. Data transfer  Movement of data  LOAD or STORE  Movement of data  LOAD or STORE

25. Arithmetic/logic  AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, ROTATE

26. Control  directs the execution of program  JUMP to another part of the program  directs the execution of program  JUMP to another part of the program

27. Example  Appendix C  Review machine architecture  Review syntax of language  Review semantics of language  Example  Figure 2.2/Figure 2.7  Appendix C  Review machine architecture  Review syntax of language  Review semantics of language  Example  Figure 2.2/Figure 2.7

28. Another example  Store the ASCII letter A in memory location 56.  Store the ASCII letter B in memory location 112.  Swap the bit patterns in memory locations 56 and 112  Halt  Store the ASCII letter A in memory location 56.  Store the ASCII letter B in memory location 112.  Swap the bit patterns in memory locations 56 and 112  Halt

29. First steps  ASCII A?  01000001 (Hex: 0100 0001 = 41)  ASCII B?  01000010 (Hex: 0100 0010 = 42)  Hex 56?  38 (3*16 + 8 = 48 + 8 = 56)  Hex 112?  70 (7*16 + 0 = 112)  ASCII A?  01000001 (Hex: 0100 0001 = 41)  ASCII B?  01000010 (Hex: 0100 0010 = 42)  Hex 56?  38 (3*16 + 8 = 48 + 8 = 56)  Hex 112?  70 (7*16 + 0 = 112)

30. Program  Store the ASCII letter A in memory location 56.  2141  3138  Store the ASCII letter B in memory location 112.  2142  3170  Store the ASCII letter A in memory location 56.  2141  3138  Store the ASCII letter B in memory location 112.  2142  3170

31. Program (continued)  Swap the bit patterns in memory locations 56 and 112  1138  1270  3170  3238  Halt  C000  Swap the bit patterns in memory locations 56 and 112  1138  1270  3170  3238  Halt  C000

32. Final program 2141 3138 2142 3170 1138 1270 3170 3238 C000 2141 3138 2142 3170 1138 1270 3170 3238 C000 Simple program completely storable as data.

33. Practice problems  If you find this difficult, do some of the practice problems on page 82 (answers start on page 518).  Do enough to either convince yourself you understand or find the places you are having problems!!  If you find this difficult, do some of the practice problems on page 82 (answers start on page 518).  Do enough to either convince yourself you understand or find the places you are having problems!!