1. 1 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

2. 2 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 13 The Blood

3. 3 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Introduction Specialized connective tissue –Plasma: fluid part (55%) –Formed blood cells (45%) Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes 3

4. 4 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4 Functions of the Blood

5. 5 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of the Blood (cont’d.) Transports: O 2, CO 2, nutrients, waste, hormones Regulates: body pH, body temperature Clotting mechanism Protection against foreign microbes and toxins Osmosis

6. 6 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 The Classification of Blood Cells and the Composition of Plasma

7. 7 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Classification of Blood Cells Erythrocytes (RBCs) –95% of the volume of blood cells Leukocytes (WBCs) –Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils –Agranular: monocytes, lymphocytes Thrombocytes: platelets

8. 8 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Composition of Plasma Fluid portion of blood is 91% water Plasma proteins: 7% –Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen Plasma solutes: 2% –Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones

9. 9 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9 Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis

10. 10 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis (cont’d.) Produced in red bone marrow Lymphocytes and monocytes produced by –Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils Stem cells: undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

11. 11 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11 Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions

12. 12 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) Erythrocytes –Biconcave disks –No nucleus –Contain hemoglobin Heme: binds O 2 Globin: binds CO 2

13. 13 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) Granular leukocytes –Neutrophils Phagocytize foreign substances –Eosinophils Produce antihistamines –Basophils Produce heparin, histamine, serotonin

14. 14 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) Agranular leukocytes –Monocytes Phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris Macrophages: in tissues –Lymphocytes T lymphocytes B lymphocytes

15. 15 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) Thrombocytes or platelets –Disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus –Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels damaged –Produced from large megakaryocytes

16. 16 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16 The Clotting Mechanism

17. 17 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) Ruptured blood vessel attracts Thrombocytes  Damaged tissue releases Thromboplastin  Thromboplastin + Ca +, ions, and proteins  Prothrombin activator + Ca +  Prothrombin  Thrombin  Fibrinogen  Fibrin

18. 18 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) Clot –Fibrin forms long threads acting like a net –Platelets get enmeshed Syneresis: clot retraction Fibrinolysis: dissolution of blood clot

19. 19 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) Thrombosis: unwanted clotting Embolus: circulating blood clot Infarction –Tissues killed as a result of loss of blood supply

20. 20 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)

21. 21 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Animation - Blood [Insert The Blood.swf]

22. 22 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 The Blood Groups

23. 23 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Introduction Human blood is of different types –Only certain combinations are compatible Agglutination: clumping of RBCs –Occurs when blood groups mismatched –Transfusion reaction

24. 24 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning The ABO Blood Group Type A –Anti-B antibodies Type B –Anti-A antibodies Type AB –No antibodies Type O –Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

25. 25 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Rh Blood Group Eight Rh antigens Antigen D: most important Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure –Rh-negative mother carrying Rh-positive baby Erythroblastosis fetalis RhoGAM - protects Rh-positive fetus

26. 26 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Summary Described the functions of blood Classified blood cells into different groups based on anatomy and function Discussed how and where blood cells are formed Explained the clotting mechanism Named the different blood groups