1. REPLICATION & SURVEY MCGONIGLE INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY

2. REPLICATION Study must be repeated. It must produce the same results as before. Findings questioned – if different results.

3. Circumstances of Replication Sometimes – slightly different circumstances. Different gender, different ages, different ethnicity, different social background, level of education.

4. Surveys People are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular research. Fill out questionnaires, or by interviewing people orally. Findings – are not necessarily completely accurate. ( honesty)

5. POPULATIONS & SAMPLES Target Population: This is the whole group that you want to study or describe. Sample – Only a part that represents the target population.

6. TYPES OF SAMPLES Random Samples: Individuals are chosen by chance from a target population. Each have an equal chance of being chosen. Stratified Sample: Subgroups in population are represented proportionally in the sample.

7. Bias Predisposition to a certain point of view. Can hurt a survey, sample, study. Volunteer bias: Those who volunteer, have a different outlook from those who do not volunteer.

8. Case Study Method

9. In depth investigation of an individual or a small group. Interviews, observation, speak with people who know them. Generalize broader principles that apply to larger population.

10. Methods of Research Longitudinal method: researchers select a group of participants and then observe these participants over a period of time. Cross sectional: Instead of following a group of individuals over a number of years, select a sample that includes people of different ages.

11. Naturalistic Observation Method- Observe people or animals in their own field, in their natural habitats. People: homes, schools, office buildings, restaurants. Stang Café: What would you observe?

12. Laboratory Observation Any place that provides a chance for observation or experimentation. BF Skinner : His “box” was a laboratory. Laboratory: Controls the environment of a study. Lighting, Air conditioning, color of paint, windows, etc. – are controls.