1. Unit 9-- Vertebrates Chapter 30-32 Nonvertebrate Chordates, Fishes & Amphibians Reptiles & Birds Mammals

2. Characteristics: At some time in their life, all chordates have: A dorsal nerve cord = gives rise to spinal cord A notochord = flexible supporting rod that gives rise to vertebrae Pharyngeal slits = gives rise to gills

3. Subphylum: Urochordata = Tunicate (sea squirt) only larva has all characteristics

4. Subphylum: Cephalochordata = Lancelets the only adult to retain all characteristics

5. Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Agnatha = the jawless fishes Ex: sea lampreys & hagfish

6. Lamprey are external parasites, 1while hagfish are “bottom feeders.”

7. Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes Ex: Sharks, rays & skates

8. Sharks have several 6-10 rows of replaceable teeth and toothlike placoid scales

9. Class Osteichthyes Bony fish (with jaws & paired fins) Ex: sea horse, lion fish, perch, trout, etc

10. Fish anatomy: Overlapping scales for protection Gills with countercurrent exchange Operculum = gill cover Flattened bodies to increase speed

12. Class Amphibia “double life” Ex: frogs toads, salamanders, newts

13. Amphibian Anatomy Inefficient 3 chambered heart “Skin breathing” to help inefficient lungs Moist skin Webbed feet, no claws Metamorphosis

14. Class Reptilia Ex: snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators Tuatara = only member is its order

15. Reptile anatomy Ectothermic (cold- blooded) = body temp changes with environment Dry, waterproof skin with claws Partially divided 3 chambered heart

16. Amniote Egg allows reptiles to lay eggs on land CHORION

18. Rattlesnakes are “Pit vipers” with a heat sensitive organ that detects warm-blooded prey

20. Class Aves (the birds) Endothermic (warm-blooded) body temp constant 4 chambered heart Well-developed lungs

21. Bird Anatomy Feathers for insulation, protection & coloration, assist in flight Hollow bones for lightweight

22. Birds reduce weight for flight whenever possible, i.e. air sacs attached to lungs & one ovary in females.

24. Compare: Heart chambers Skin coverings Respiration types Cold vs Warm-blooded Reproduction types

25. Class Mammalia Hair (to insulate, camouflage, etc) Mammary glands (to nurse young) Viviparous (bear live young) Specialized teeth (determines lifestyle) Nails, claws or hooves

26. Classification by reproduction: Monotremes (egg-laying) Ex: platypus& echidna Marsupials (pouched) Ex: koala, kangaroo & opossum

27. Placental Mammals Include 95% of all Mammals Includes 15+ orders

28. Rodentia (gnawing) largest, most successful order largest, most successful order

29. Insectivores = moles… include smallest mammal, the shrew

30. Edentates (toothless) most primitive

31. Chiroptera = bats Bats are only mammals capable of “true” flight

32. Carnivora special traits for hunting

33. Aquatic mammals are capable of holding their breath for several hours Cetaceans = whales, dolphins

34. Hoofed mammals Are grouped by Number of toes (even or odd) They tend to be Large grazers ___dactyla

35. Trunk-nosed mammals have only 2 species, African and Indian Probosiceans = elephants

36. have opposable thumbs & superior intelligence They are the only mammal to make use of tools Primates