1. WMO Workshop on the TT-ObsReq-2 WMO: Research Department Gregory Carmichael

2. 2 The GAW Mission  Systematic Global Monitoring of the Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere.  Analysis and Assessment in Support of International Conventions.  Development of Air Pollution and Climate Predictive Capability.

3. 3 GAW – moving forward New Strategic Implementation Plan (2016 – 2023) Research Enabling Services Focuses on the theme - Atmospheric Composition Matters - to climate, weather forecasting, human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, agricultural productivity, aeronautical operations, renewable energy production, and more. GAW has a central role to play in helping WMO members and society develop and deliver improved products and services involving atmospheric composition.

4. 4 GAW – context GAW Strategic Implementation Plan (2016-2023) - within the context of WMO SP & CAS priorities WMO Strategic Plan, which can be summarized as «Science for service» and includes: Disaster risk reduction Global integrated polar prediction system (GIPPS) Megacities Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) and WMO Information System (WIS)

5. 5 GAW – context CAS-16, which identified six emerging areas: 1.High Impact Weather and its socio-economic effects in the context of global change; 2.Water modelling and predicting the water cycle for improved DRR and resource management; 3. Integrated GHG Information System (IG 3 IS) - serving society and supporting policy; 4.Aerosols and their impacts on air quality, weather and climate; 5.Urbanization - research and services for megacities and large urban complexes; and 6. Evolving Technologies (including geo-engineering) and their impact on science and its use.

6. 6 GAW – Directed Research Advance observations and analysis of chemical constituents of the atmosphere and UV radiation and expand role in enhancing predictive capabilities (wrt atmospheric composition and its uses) to help reduce environmental risks to society from high-impact weather and air pollution, and to mitigate the impacts of, and adapt to, changing climate.

7. Priority – Expanding GAW’s role in enhancing predictive capabilities (wrt atmospheric composition and its uses)  The focus of the new SIP on services provides a framework via the priority application areas to evolve observations and to enhance modeling elements;  GAW has played an active role in further developing urban air quality forecasting capabilities through (GURME) - these efforts will continue and expand;  Establishing a new SAG (“GAW-Aps”) focused on the objective “To demonstrate usefulness of exchanging atmospheric observational data (including in NRT) in support of monitoring and forecasting applications” targeting applications that use NRT data delivery on scales larger than urban; and  Expand collaborations with WWRP/WCRP/WGNE and others… 7

8. 8 GAW – Actions/Needs Continue to improve observational systems and data using RRR and WIGOS/WIS (WMO Integrated Global Observing System and WMO Information System) to evolve the observing system for atmospheric composition to support the growing services to: + allow near real-time provision of GAW data, + support integration of surface, vertical profile and column datasets from different platforms to provide a unified understanding of aerosol and gas distributions, + minimize gaps in the measurement networks in data-poor regions, + support the expanding service needs related to cities, high impact weather, and climate

9. 9 GAW Station Information System (www.meteoswiss.ch/gawsis) Need to Evolve Composition Observing Systems and Data Management

10. Some facts  How do we best manage the data in a world that will be looking more carefully at atmo composition  Broad community that support GAW  Much of the data are provided by research community which are outside Met Services  Some Met services are addressing atmo composition  They are only providing a small part of the products  Met service can provide long term data management for GAW  Some Met services are already coordinating GAW activities  Global vision is necessary  Global reach is the key  Partnership and collaboration is necessary to build the global view  How can we collectively work together ?  How can we improve the relation with environmental agencies Workshop on Future Directions of GAW Data Management, 10-11 August 2015, MeteoSwiss 10

11. GAW data management vision  To bring together atmo composition data/information including near real time data, with a global perspective geographical and parameters, to support and provide information and changing atmo environment and better and new services, to ensure data curation and preservation Workshop on Future Directions of GAW Data Management, 10-11 August 2015, MeteoSwiss 11

12. Mission  To develop a global metadata catalogue to get a global view of atmo composition data, wherever they are located and how to get them.  Discovery service  Quality control and assurance and archive GAW data  Access and retrieval services  Near real time  Validated data  Value-added services  Visualisation  agregation  Subseting  Forecasting and reanalysis  ……  To develop One stop shop for atmo composition data Workshop on Future Directions of GAW Data Management, 10-11 August 2015, MeteoSwiss 12

13. ATI VISION: Atmospheric composition and related physical parameter data assets are effectively processed, of known quality and effectively stored to facilitate easy discovery, access, use, expansion and exchange. This is essential to inform the decision making processes at the local, regional and global levels on the effects of atmospheric composition change on climate, air quality, weather, ecosystems, and human health. In this context, the role of GAW is to serve as the authoritative information source through the facilitation of international collaboration on the environmental issues related to atmospheric composition change.

14. The way forward  Establish a federation of data centers  GAW data centers  Contributing data centers  Interconnection with GAWIS system  Better interoperability between data centers  Define GAW data from a contributing data centers  Campaign data?  Sites that don’t meet current GAW criteria?  Range of variables  Notion of global, regional, local should be clarified  Host and/or produce services  Provide data to a non GAW service Workshop on Future Directions of GAW Data Management, 10-11 August 2015, MeteoSwiss 14

15. GAW Facts Partnership involving contributors from 100 countries, coordinated under WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences End-to-end approach from observations through research to the delivery of products and services Use of observations from global stations, regional stations, and satellite data Applications: climate monitoring, air quality forecasting, NWP, Protocol monitoring GAW Global Stations

16. GAW focal areas  Stratospheric Ozone and vertical ozone distribution  Greenhouse Gases (CO 2 and its isotopes, CH 4 and its isotopes, N 2 / O 2 ratio, N 2 O, SF 6, H 2 O, CFCs, halons and substitutes)  Reactive Gases (O 3, CO, VOCs, NO x, SO 2 )  Precipitation Chemistry and Total Atmospheric Deposition  Aerosols (chemical and physical properties, AOD)  UV Radiation  GAW Urban Meteorology (GURME) project  GAW Applications

17. Updating GAW requirements  WMO Observation Requirements for “Atmospheric chemistry” are from IGACO report (2004)  WMO’s 16 th Congress (2011) recommended for GAW to set up an ad-hoc Task Team to review  Observation requirements for atmospheric composition  Satellite missions contributing to such requirements  Take into consideration GCOS and other requirements for atmospheric composition observations  In coordination with WMO CBS, CEOS, CGMS

18. TT on Observation Requirements  The Task Team on Observational Requirements and Satellite Measurements was established in 2014 with these members:  WMO/GAW and user representatives:  Greg Carmichael, WMO EPAC SSC Chair. (Chair of the TT)  Claire Granier, LATMOS-IPSL and NOAA/ERSL & CU/CIRES, France  Sander Houweling, SRON, Netherlands (GHG SAG)  Randall Martin, Dalhousie Univ., Canada  Terry Nakajima, CESD/AORI, Japan  Vincent-Henri Peuch, ECMWF, (Copernicus and MACC-II)  Sandro Fuzzi, Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima, CNR Italy  As requested by WMO Congress  John Eyre, UKMO, chair IPET-OSDE  Richard Eckman, CEOS (NASA), USA  Rosemary Munro, CGMS (EUMETSAT)  Ben Veihelmann, ESA/ESTEC  Claus Zehner, ESA/ESRIN

19.  The Task Team met in November 2014  The Task Team took into consideration:  The WMO strategic plan,  Priority areas of the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences,  high impact weather;  water;  Integrated Global Greenhouse Gas Information System;  aerosols;  urbanization; and  new technologies, including geo/climate engineering.  GAW Implementation Plan (IP) for the period 2016-2023.  Three applications areas for atmospheric composition observations were identified :  Forecasting atmospheric composition  Monitoring atmospheric composition  Providing Atmospheric Composition information to support services in urban and populated areas TT on Observation Requirements

20. 1.Forecasting Atmospheric Composition (F)  Covers applications from global to regional scales (with horizontal resolutions similar to global NWP (~ 10 km and coarser) with stringent timeliness requirements (NRT) to support operations such as sand and dust storm and chemical weather forecasts. 2.Monitoring Atmospheric Composition (M)  Covers applications related to evaluating and analysing changes (temporally and spatially) in atmospheric composition regionally and globally  To support treaty monitoring, climatologies and re-analyses, assessing trends in composition and emissions/fluxes, and  To better understand processes,  Using data of controlled quality (and with less stringent time requirements (not needed in NRT)), and used in products such as Ozone and Greenhouse Gas Bulletins, and State/Health of the Atmosphere reports. TT on Observation Requirements

21. 3.Providing Atmospheric Composition information to support services in urban and populated areas (U)  Covers applications that target limited areas (with horizontal resolution of a few km or smaller and stringent timeliness requirements to support services related to weather/climate/pollution, such as air quality forecasting. TT on Observation Requirements

22. Key parameters needed for Forecasting  1.All Global NWP variables (e.g., PBL + Tropopause height) and others yet to be determined by WMO/GAW  2.Aerosols (aerosol mass, size distribution (or at least mass at 3 fraction sizes: 1, 2.5 and 10 micron), speciation and chemical composition, AOD at multiple wavelengths, AAOD, water content, ratio of mass to AOD, vertical distribution of extinction).  3.Reactive Gases, Trace gases (incl GHG), Ozone Precursors (Total ozone, profile ozone, surface ozone, NO, NO 2 (surface, column, profile), PAN, HNO 3, NH 3, CO, VOC (isoprene, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics), SO 2 (surface and column), CH 4, CO 2, N 2 O, HCHO, HO x, Cl x, ClO, BrO, OClO, ClONO 2, HDO, CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, Rn, SF 6 )  4.Others Actinic flux, fire radiative power, land proxies, lightning, dry and wet deposition, pollen (key species), OCS

23. Key parameters needed for Monitoring  1.All Global NWP variables (e.g. PBL + tropopause height) and others we want to add: SST, deep ocean temperature, solar variability, albedo, land use, soil moisture, precipitation, sea ice cover, snow cover, PSC occurrence  2.Aerosols (aerosol mass, number, size/surface distribution (1, 2.5, 10 micron), speciation and chemical composition, AOD at multiple wavelengths, AAOD, water content, ratio of mass to AOD, vertical distribution of extinction), stratospheric aerosol backscatter coefficient, PSC composition, concentration of metals, chemical composition of PM (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, BC, OC, OM, dust, sea salt, BS, SOA) aerosol index, refractive index, precipitation chemistry composition, Hg, POPs, primary biological particles)  3.Reactive gases, Trace gases (incl GHGs), Ozone Precursors Total ozone, profile ozone, surface ozone, NO, NO 2 (surface, column, profile), PAN, HNO 3, NH 3, CO, VOC (isoprene, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics), SO 2 (surface, column), CH 4, CO 2, N 2 O, N 2 O 5, NO 3, HCHO, HOx, Cly, ClO, BrO, OClO, ClONO 2, HDO, CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, Halons, CH 3 Br, CH 3 Cl, BrONO 2, Rn, SF 6, glyoxal, methyl chloroform, H 2 O, H 2 O 2, H 2, O 2 / N 2 ratio, DMS, MSA, OCS

24. Key parameters needed for Monitoring  4.Trace gas isotopes CO 2, methane, N 2 O, CO, (D, 13 C, 14 C, 17 O, 18 O, 15 N) also in the aerosol phase  5.Others (Actinic flux, fire radiative power, land proxies, lightning, dry and wet deposition, pollen (key species), ocean colour, chlorophyll-A, LAI, PAR, FPAR, fluorescence, vegetation maps, land use maps, burned areas, night light, fire counts, wet lands, ship routes, forest inventory, biomass density, crop lands)

25. Key parameters needed for Urban applications  (Under development)

26. Initial quantitative observation requirements of GAW 26

27. Timeline 2015-2016 Task Team to engage the GAW Scientific Advisory Groups and other users, to:  Have the observation requirements fully developed for the three application areas by autumn 2015,  Identify requirements for a set of priority variables that cut across application areas  Populate the WMO RRR database (part of OSCAR) for the above applications by the end of 2015

28. Next steps  Review the Statements of Guidance (gap analyses)  Inform the Vision for WIGOS surface/space components in 2040, and subsequent update of CGMS baseline  GAW to assist other WMO application areas in reviewing atmospheric composition requirements  GAW to regularly update the requirements for the three application areas (F, M, U), as part of the WMO Rolling Review Requirements process 28

29. 29 Meeting Goals 1) prioritization of the important parameters to support the three finalized application areas; 2) identification of requirements for a set of priority variables that cut across application areas; 3) further development of the associated observation requirements; 4) discuss/review atmospheric composition requirements in other WMO application areas (e.g., ag, climate change); and 5) discussion of plan to review/refine Statements of Guidance (gap analyses).

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31. Populating OSCAR The Task Team developed a strategy to begin the RRR process and to populate the OSCAR data base for the above applications. The process will engage the SAGs and the SSC. The committee started the process of identifying the atmospheric composition and related parameters needed to support the applications and began to fill out an Excel table with user requirements that will be used to populate the OSCAR data base after evaluation by the SAGs. The SAGs will be asked to discuss the application areas, including the sorts of specific applications that are important within the overarching application, and the parameters needed for the applications (making suggestions for adding and/or removing parameters) and continue filling out the tables of user requirements for the parameters that fall in their domain.

32. Thank you for your attention!

33. Context to check our progress – wrt to CAMS 33

34. CAMS Model Products  on eight vertical levels (surface, 50m, 250m, 500m, 1000m, 2000m, 3000m, and  5000m above ground),  parameters provided : O3, NO2, NO, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, CO, NH3, PANs, NMVOC  and birch pollen for almost all models 34

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38. Example of Guidance for requirements  Appendix 1: GRUAN Observation Requirements  Requirements Tables  The following tables represent the climate observation requirements for the GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN), as defined at the Boulder workshop and through subsequent iterations. In the tables, the following criteria are used to characterize observations of each variable:  Each variable is given a priority ranking of 1, 2, 3, or 4, with 1 indicating the highest priority.  Measurement ranges are meant to cover the ranges likely to be encountered over the vertical range of interest, so that any proposed instrument or set of instruments would need to be able to operate throughout that range. 38

39. Other apps 39