1. Cortical White Matter, Aging, Diencephalon

2. Objectives Identify all of the subcortical fasciculi and tracts Define projection, commissural, and association fibers For each fasciculus or tract, identify the type of fibers it consists of and the regions it connects. Compare and contrast the changes that occur to the different regions of the cortex throughout a lifespan. Describe the Anatomy, Blood supply and Functions of Diencephalon structures: Thalamus Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Epithalamus & Pineal Gland Subthalamus

3. White Matter ProjectionCommissural Association

4. Projection Fibers Capsules – Internal, External, Extreme Subcortical structures that communicate with cerebral cortex Thalamus Basal Ganglia Brainstem Spinal Cord Examples: Thalamocortical, Corticospinal, Corticobrainstem

5. Internal capsule

7. Your patient has suffered a stroke to their right MCA, resulting in damage to the internal capsule. Your patient’s body will likely have sensory deficits on the _____ and motor deficits on the ______. A. Right, right B. Left, left C. Right, left D. Left, right :30

8. Which specific arteries supply the internal capsule in the patient from the previous question? A. Thalamic branches B. Striate arteries C. M1 segment of MCA :30

9. Commissural Fibers Connect homologous structures between hemispheres Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Posterior commissure

10. Association Fibers Short Long Cingulum Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus Uncinate Fasciculus Table 17-2 LE

11. Central Nervous System Aging Focus on cerebrum Focus on anatomical changes Neurological changes are discussed in other courses Synapse density (volume) Myelination

12. Cortical trends with age Infancy through childhood Gray Visual and Auditory Motor Association White

13. Cortical trends with age Puberty through adolescence Gray Visual and Auditory Motor Association

14. Cortical trends with age Middle-age (35) through old age Gray Visual and Auditory Motor Association

15. During what 2 periods would the pre-frontal cortex have the most synapses? (multiple answer) A. 0-2 years B. 2-12 years C. 12-16 years D. 16-25 years E. 25-35 years :30

16. Which of the following is TRUE concerning a critical period? A. Synaptic density is low during a critical period. B. Exposure to the stimulus is necessary to develop normal function. C. Critical periods typically occur later in life. :30

17. Objectives Identify all of the subcortical fasciculi and tracts Define projection, commissural, and association fibers For each fasciculus or tract, identify the type of fibers it consists of and the regions it connects. Compare and contrast the changes that occur to the different regions of the cortex throughout a lifespan. Describe the Anatomy, Blood supply and Functions of Diencephalon structures: Thalamus Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Epithalamus & Pineal Gland Subthalamus

18. Thalamus

19. 3 types of nuclei (by function) Relay nuclei – relays information not involved in a loop Example: sensory information from face  VPM  somatosensory cortex Association nuclei – nuclei involved in executive functioning loops Example: mediodorsal nucleus is involved in the limbic loop (pg 421 LE) Nonspecific nuclei – receive info from several regions, send info to entire cortex, involved with alertness and arousal Example: intralaminar nuclei

20. Thalamus Blood Supply

21. Hypothalamus

22. 3 zones: Periventricular zone oxytocin - intimacy vasopressin - water retention Medial zone (3 regions): Supraoptic region satiety center – body composition Suprachiasmatic n. - circadian rhythm Tuberal region satiety center – body composition behavioral center – aggression, rage Mammillary region converts short term memory to long term memory (by connections with hippocampus through fornix) Lateral zone involved with satiety

23. Hypothalamus and Pituitary

24. It’s Complicated!! Do NOT need to know

25. Full list of functions of hypothalamus and pituitary Growth Blood pressure Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirthpregnancychildbirth Breast milk production Breast milk Sex organ functions in both males and females Sex organ Thyroid gland function Thyroid gland The conversion of food into energy (metabolism)energymetabolism Water and osmolarity regulation in the body Waterosmolarity Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneyswaterkidneys Temperature regulation Pain relief Source: Wikipedia

26. Hypothalamus Blood Supply Same as Thalamus!

27. Epithalamus Pineal Gland Releases melatonin Collects mineral deposits Calcium, flouride, phosphorous Blood supply – no BBB! Posterior Choroidal A.

28. Subthalamus Involved in motor control Associated with the Basal Ganglia (striatum, lentiform, PPN, substantia nigra)

29. Conclusion Literature Review Outlines Send your outline to both teammates Read two team members’ outlines for Monday Plan for audience Plan for genre Plan for semantic structure/schema of entire piece Scaffold reader - expect what they know/do not know and account for every piece of information that they will need "Novice [writers]… were concerned about what to write next and limited their planning to thinking about the topic or assignment and the last sentence they had written. Thus they failed to develop an adequate goal structure for the total work to guide their sentence planning" (Doyle, 1983, p. 168).

30. Primary ContentCourse Objectives Neuroembryology Normal development of the nervous system Development of the nervous system in the presence of teratogens and trauma  Summarize the principles and the time sequence for neurodevelopment.  Differentiate the sequelae of impaired development during various critical periods of sensorimotor systems.  Integrate knowledge of maturation of the nervous system with knowledge about automatic and volitional movements.  Summarize genetic and epigenetic influences of CNS development. Neuroanatomy Classification of neurons Ascending pathways, descending pathways, and interconnections Composition and functions of regions or systems (e.g. cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, cranial nerves, spinal cord) Blood supply of cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord Ventricular system / cerebrospinal fluid Meninges and meningeal spaces Plasticity and somatotopic organization  Describe the gross anatomy of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord.  Correlate the role of major ascending and descending systems to clinical signs and symptoms.  Describe the role of the extrapyramidal system (e.g. cerebellum, basal ganglia) with regard to movements and motivation.  Explain the function of the meningeal layers.  Compare and contrast cerebral and systemic circulation.  Correlate results from imaging techniques to the structure and function of the nervous system.  Describe the effects of aging on the nervous system. Neurological Function Cognition – memory, language, arousal and attention, reasoning, problem-solving, and categorization Sensory systems – neuroanatomy and physiology of sensory systems (vision, auditory, olfaction, gustatory) Affective control – limbic system  Describe processes involved with higher cognitive function.  Describe the theories of memory formation.  Explain the arousal and attention mechanisms of the CNS.  Describe the gross anatomy of the sensory systems (vision, auditory, olfaction, gustatory).  Describe clinical influences of emotion.

31. Organization of the Course Spinal Cord Brainstem/ Cerebellum Sensory Pathways Cerebrum Motor Pathways Cranial Nerves Other Pieces of the puzzle Overview and Development

32. Presentations!