1. Schizotypal personality traits and prediction of one’s own movements in motor control: What causes an abnormal sense of agency? M. Ahmadlou Dr. F. Towhidkhah با تشكر از مهدي برجخاني

2. A sense of agency asserts that it is oneself who is causing or generating an action. Experiment: using the ‘‘disappeared cursor”. Prediction error: the distance between the target and the click point. Results: schizotypal personality traits are correlated with deficits in predicting movements of the subjects’ left hand. abnormal sense of self-agency abnormal prediction of one’s own movements in motor control

3. Computational model..

4. posterior parietal cortex (PPC) ventral premotor cortex (F5) the superior temporal sulcus (STS) cerebellum.

5. the extra striate body area (EBA) might support the disentangling of one’s own behavior from that of another may act as comparator to generate a sense of agency.

6. They are aware that an action matches an intention, but have no awareness of initiating the action or of its predicted consequence. That is, the action executive pathway or actual sensory feedback may still produce a sense of self-ownership (‘‘I am moving”) but the sense of agency is compromised (‘‘I am not causing the movement”), even if the actual movement matches the intended movement. Carnahan, Aguilar, Malla, and Norman (1997) showed that people with schizophrenia demonstrated abnormal movement planning, which is associated with action prediction, although they have normal movement execution.

7. How does the level of the abnormal prediction pathway in the forward model lead to an abnormal sense of agency ? Frith (2005) suggested at least three possibilities: the abnormal forward dynamic model, the forward output model, and the comparator. Is related to the blocking of dopamine receptors. The evidence that schizophrenic patients conform to the abnormal forward output model has increased. It has been claimed that schizophrenia may be a disorder of the corollary discharge systems. Frith and Done (1988) showed that schizophrenics are unable to rapidly correct their arm movements. The forward dynamic model makes this ‘‘online” correction of movement possible.

8. Experimental Study the experimental setting, the participants could only use proprioceptive feedback and had to access their internal model to control their arms in a predictive way (open-loop control); In contrast, when visual feedback is available, visuo-motor transformation can generally be mastered so that there is no need to access an internal model and visual closed-loop control is available; We (Tomohisa Asai et al.) hypothesized that highly schizotypal people, especially those with positive schizotypy (which includes auditory hallucination proneness), exhibit more errors in predicting their own arm movements. Moreover, this paradigm also allows us to examine how schizotypal people predict their own movements; The cursor disappeared predicting the movement without visual feedback After their clicks, the cursor appeared again so that they could view their actual errors. Their x – y coordinates and time durations from mouse moving to click were recorded.

9. The Procedure 1.duration time of movements, 2.prediction error value, 3.underestimation of movement values,

10. Questionnaire 1.Handedness 2.Depression 3.Anxiety 4.Schizotypy 5.Positive schizotypy 6.Auditory hallucination proneness In all questionnaires higher scores meant a stronger tendency.

12. Mathematical model

13. MethodsUsed featuresAccuracy (in percent) SVM (2007)Three dimensional force of pen 95.8 AIS (2007)Kinematic features of pen movement 94.3 Modified AIS (2008)Kinematic features of pen movement 95.1 ANN (proposed method) Kinematic features of pen movement 97.5 Accuracy (in percent)Types of selected featuresNumber of selected features 771, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 88 77.51, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 87 84.51, 2, 4, 6, 7, 86 88.51, 2, 6, 7, 85 891, 2, 4, 84 89.51, 2, 43 97.51, 42

14. References Schizotypal personality traits and prediction of one’s own movements in motor control: What causes an abnormal sense of agency?;Tomohisa Asai *, Eriko Sugimori, Yoshihiko Tanno, Consciousness and Cognition,2008 MODELING KINEMATIC FEATURES OF HUMAN HANDWRITING USING MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL ;M. Borjkhani 1, F. Towhidkhah 2, 2008 EXTRACTING RELIABLE HANDWRITING KINEMATIC FEAUTERS BY USING NEURAL NETWORK FOR DIAGNOSIS SCHIZOPHRENIA DISEASE ;M. Borjkhani 1, M. Ahmadlou 2, F. Towhidkhah 3, 2008