1. Database Administration
Todd S. Bacastow

2. Evolution of the DBA Data Processing Department
Information Systems Department
Service Function to provide end users active data management support
Production Function to provide solutions to information needs (application development)
DBA – Database Administration
Size and Role varies from company to company
DBA’s function is very dynamic
Distributed Databases
Internet Databases
Object Oriented databases
Sophistication and Power of the DBMS packages

3. Common Functions of DBA
Database Planning
Standards, procedures, enforcement
Requirements Gathering and Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design and Implementation
Testing and Debugging
Operations and Maintenance
Training and Support

4. DBA’s Managerial Role
Control and Planning Dimensions of Database Administration
Coordinating, Monitoring, and Allocating database administration resources
People
Data
Defining Goals and Formulating Strategic Plans for the Database Administration function

5. DBA’s Responsibilities
DBA Activity
DBA Service
Planning
End-User Support
Organizing
Policies, Procedures, Standards
Testing
Data Security, Privacy, Integrity
Monitoring
Data backup and Recovery
Delivering
Data Distribution and Use

6. End-User Support User Requirements Gathering
Understanding of the users’ views and needs
Present and Future information needs
Conflict and Problem Resolution
Solutions in one department may cause problems in another
Finding Solutions to Information Needs
Ensure Quality and Integrity of Applications and Data
Build End-User Confidence
Manage the Training and Support of DBMS users

7. Policies, Procedures, and Standards
Policies: General Statements of Direction or action that communicate and support DBA goals
Procedures: Written Instructions that describe a services of steps to be followed during the performance of a given activity
Standards: More detailed and specific than policies, and describe the minimum requirements of a DBA activity
Rules that are used to evaluate the qualityof the activity
Policy: Users must have password, password must be changed every 6 months
Standards Passwords have a min of 5 characters, max of 12 char., cannot be SS#, names, birthdates
Procedures: To create a password, send a request to DBA for an Account, temp password is created, sends account
Information to user, user changes temporary password into acceptable perm. one

8. Areas of Policies and Procedures
End-User database requirements gathering
Database design and modeling
Documentation and Naming conventions
Design, coding, and testing of applications
Database software selection
Database security and integrity
Database backup and recovery
Database maintenance and operation
End-user training

9. Data Security, Privacy and Integrity
User Access Management
Define each user to the database
Operating System Level
Database Level
Assign Passwords
Define User Groups
Assign Access Privileges
Read
Write
Delete
Physical Access Control
View Definitions
Protect and Control the Scope of the Data that is accessible to a user
DBMS utilities access control
Limit the use of query and reporting tools
DBMS usage Monitoring
Audit Logs
(More difficult in distributed databases)

10. Data Backup and Recovery
Disaster Management
Periodic Data and Application Backups
Full
Incremental
Concurrent
Proper Backup Identification
Convenient and safe backup storage
Physical protection of hardware and software
Personal Access Control to the software of a database installation
Insurance coverage for the data in the database

11. Data Backup and Recovery
Recovery and Contingency plans
Tested
Evaluated
Practiced
Will Not Recover all components of an IS
Establish priorities for the nature and extend of the data recovery process

12. Data Distribution and Use
Data is only useful when:
Given to the Right User
Right Time
Right Format
Programmers Deliver programs to access data
Time consuming for DBA
Data Distribution allows end users to access the database
Internet
Intranets
Queries, Web Front Ends
End Users may make improper use of database, data duplication, etc.

13. DBA’s Technical Role
DBMS and utilities, evaluation, selection and installation
Design and implementation of Database
Testing and Evaluation
Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and Applications
Training and Supporting Users
Maintenance of DBMS, Utilities, and Applicaitons

14. Evaluation, Selection, and Installation
Selection of Hardware and Software
Must be based on the Organization’s Needs
Search is for a solutions to a problem, not a need for a software
1st step is to determine companies NEEDS

15. DBMS Checklist DBMS Model Storage Capacity
Application Development Support
Security and Integrity
Backup and Recovery
Concurrency Control
Performance
DBA tools
Interoperability and Data Distribution
Portability
Hardware
Data Dictionary
Vendor Training and Support
Third Party Tools
Cost

16. Design and Implementation
Determination and Enforcement of Standards and Procedures
Ensure the Design activities are performed within the Standards and Procedures
Ensure Transactions are:
Correct
Efficient
Compliant with Integrity and Standards
Physical Design
Operational Procedures

17. Testing and Evaluation
All Database and End User Applications
Maintained Independently of Development and Implementation
Cover:
Technical Aspects
Backup, Recovery, Security, Integrity, SQL
Evaluation of Documentation
Observance of Standards
Naming, Documentation, Coding
Data Duplication Conflicts with existing data
Enforcement of Data Validation rules

18. Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and Applications
System Support
Day-to-day activity of the DBMS
Performance monitoring and tuning
Performance Goals
Evaluate if performance objectives are being met
Isolate Problems and Find solutions
Implement solutions
Backup and Recovery
Security auditing and monitoring
Appropriate access rights
Proper use of access privileges by programmers and end users

19. Training and Supporting Users
Technical Training in the use of DBMS and Utilities for Applications Programmers
Unscheduled on-demand technical support
Interaction with DBMS vendors

20. Maintenance of DBMS
Dedicated to the Preservation of the DBMS environment
Management of the Physical or Secondary Storage devices
Reorganizing the physical location of the data
Upgrading the DBMS and Utility Software
Exchange of data is dissimilar formats or between database

21. Database Administration Tools
Data Dictionary
Store the Description of all objects that interact with the database
Integrated  Include data outside of DBMS
Standalone  limited to data of DBMS
Case Tools
Computer Aided Software Engineering
Automated Framework for the SDLC
Front-End Tools
Planning, Analysis, Design
Back-End Tools
Coding and Implementation

22. Data Dictionary Data Elements from all tables of all databases
Names, Types, Format, Validation rules, When an Element is Used and by whom
Tables defined in the database
Indexes defined for each table
Defined databases, and properties
End Users and Administrators
Programs that access the database
Access Authorizations for all users
Relationships among data elements

23. Case Tools Reduction in development time and costs
Standardization of Systems Development Methodologies
Easier Maintenance of Application Systems Developed with CASE Tools
Components:
Graphics
Screen Painters and Report Generators
Repository for Storing and Cross-Referencing the System Design Data (Data Dictionary)
Analysis Segment for Automated Check on System Consistency, Syntax, Completeness
Program Documentation Generator