1. Chapter 7 The Strategic Use of Values in Policy Making and Administration

2. Approaches to Management 1- MBO Management By Objectives An approach to program or policy management that defines short and long term objectives and keeps a record of actual program results to determine effectiveness.

3. 2- OD Organizational Development A process for increasing an organization’s effectiveness by stressing that maximum effectiveness is achieved by integrating an individual’s desire for personal growth with organizational goals.

4. 3- OR Operations research A management technique that stresses efficiency by maximizing some “payoff” function clearly within the goals being sought; comes into play only after value choices have been made; relies on the use of probability theory, queuing techniques, and mathematical model building to allocate and use resources within a designated subsystem.

5. 4- PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique It is an analytical management tool that maps out a series of steps to carry out a program. It is sometimes referred to as the “critical path method CPM”*. * an analytical management that seeks the path with the smallest margin of extra resources with which to complete all assigned program activities.

6. 5- QC Quality Circles A small group of three to fifteen workers who work in the same unit and meet regularly to discuss, analyze, and solve problems that they experience on the job and affects their work.

7. 6- TQM Total Quality Management Involves a new phase in management techniques for quality control. In its most expanded sense, it involves a total and continuing concern for quality in the production of goods and services. TQM seeks organizational performance at an optimal level.