1. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms & Ions World of CHEMISTRY Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste

2. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 Top Ten

3. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3 Table 3.1

4. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 Table 3.3

5. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.5 Figure 3.2: Representation of NO, NO 2, and N 2 O.

6. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.6 Figure 3.3: Plum Pudding model of an atom.

7. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.7 Figure 3.5: Rutherford’s experiment.

8. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.8 Figure 3.6: Results of foil experiment if Plum Pudding model had been correct.

9. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 Figure 3.6: Actual Results.

10. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.10 Figure 3.7: Schematic of a cathode ray tube.

11. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 Figure 3.9: A nuclear atom viewed in cross section.

12. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 Figure 3.10: Two isotopes of sodium.

13. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 Figure 3.11: The periodic table.

14. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14 Figure 3.12: Elements classified as metals and nonmetals.

15. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.15 Figure 3.13: A collection of argon atoms.

16. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 Figure 3.14: Nitrogen gas contains NXN molecules.

17. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.17 Figure 3.14: Oxygen gas contains OXO molecules.

18. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 Table 3.5

19. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19 Figure 3.15: The decomposition of two water molecules.

20. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.20 Figure 3.17: Spherical atoms packed closely together.

21. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.21 Figure 3.19: The ions formed by selected members of groups 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7.

22. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.22 Figure 3.20: Pure water does not conduct a current.

23. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.23 Figure 3.20: Water containing dissolved salt conducts a current.