1. Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 4.1 A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s) The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount SolutionSolventSolute Soft drink (l) Air (g) Soft Solder (s) H2OH2O N2N2 Pb Sugar, CO 2 O 2, Ar, CH 4 Sn

3. An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity. nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte 4.1

4. Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation or ionization NaCl (s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated or ionized CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO - (aq) + H + (aq) Conduct electricity in solution? Cations (+) and Anions (-) 4.1

5. Hydration is the process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.   H2OH2O 4.1

6. Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity? No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution 4.1 C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) H2OH2O

7. Precipitation Reactions Precipitate – insoluble solid that separates from solution balanced chemical equation complete ionic equation net ionic equation Pb 2+ + 2NO 3 - + 2Na + + 2I - PbI 2 (s) + 2Na + + 2NO 3 - Na + and NO 3 - are spectator ions PbI 2 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI 2 (s) + 2NaNO 3 (aq) precipitate Pb 2+ + 2I - PbI 2 (s) 4.2

8. Precipitation of Lead Iodide PbI 2 Pb 2+ + 2I - PbI 2 (s) 4.2

9. Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

10. 4.2 Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature. According to the AP College Board: “All sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), ammonium (NH 4 + ), and nitrate (NO 3 - ) salts are soluble.”

11. Writing Net Ionic Equations 1.Write the balanced chemical equation. 2.Write the complete ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes completely dissociated into cations and anions. 3.Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation. 4.Check that charges and number of atoms are balanced in the net ionic equation. AgNO 3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO 3 (aq) Ag + + NO 3 - + Na + + Cl - AgCl (s) + Na + + NO 3 - Ag + + Cl - AgCl (s) 4.2 Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride.

12. Solution Stoichiometry The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution. M = molarity = moles of solute liters of solution What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a 2.80 M KI solution? 4.5

14. Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution. Dilution Add Solvent Moles of solute before dilution (1) Moles of solute after dilution (2) = M1V1M1V1 M2V2M2V2 = 4.5

15. How would you prepare 100 mL of 0.40 mol/L MgSO 4 solution from a stock solution of 2.0 mol/L MgSO 4 ? M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 M 1 = 2.0M M 2 = 0.40MV 2 = 100 mL V 1 = ? 4.5 V 1 = M2V2M2V2 M1M1 = 0.40 mol/L x 100 mL 2.0 mol/L = 20 mL Measure out 20 mL of the 2.0 mol/L MgSO 4 stock solution and transfer it to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Next add distilled water to the flask up to the etched line.

16. Gravimetric Analysis 4.6 1.Dissolve unknown substance in water 2.React unknown with known substance to form a precipitate 3.Filter and dry precipitate 4.Weigh precipitate 5.Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to determine amount of unknown ion