1. Water, Solutions, Precipitation Reactions, Acid-Base Reactions, and Reduction-Oxidation Reactions

2. Solvation Water’s Structure Dissolving a Salt Dissolving Ethanol Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes Strong vs. Weak Acids Strong vs. Weak Acids

3. Anatomy of a Solution Solute Solvent Molarity Dilution

4. Precipitation Reactions Solubility Rules Nitrate salts are soluble Alkali metal and ammonium salts are soluble Most chloride salts are soluble…except Ag 1+, Hg 2 2+, Pb 2+ Most sulfate salts are soluble…except Ca 2+, Ba 2+, Hg 2+, Pb 2+ Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis…and Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Ba 2+ are marginally soluble Most sulfide, carbonate, chromate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis

5. Precipitation Reactions Molecular Equation Complete Ionic Equation Net Ionic Equation

6. Acid-Base Reactions Acid Base Net ionic equation

7. Acid-Base Titrations Titrant Analyte Equivalence point End point Standard solution

8. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox) Oxidation Reduction Oxidation number

9. Assigning Oxidation Numbers An atom in an element…0 Monatomic ion…equals its charge Oxygen in covalent cpds…-2 Hydrogen in covalent cpds…+1 Fluorine…-1 Sum must equal charge of cpd or ion When in doubt, assign more electronegative atom to be equal to its monatomic ion’s charge

11. Balancing Redox Rxns …the half-reaction method Write separate half-reactions without spectator ions Balance non-H and non-O elements Balance O using H 2 O or OH 1- Balance H using H 1+ or H 2 O Balance the charge with e - Normalize the half-rxns Add the half-rxns Cancel like terms on opposite sides and add spectator ions where apropos