1. Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

3. Meteorological Satellites (Metsats) ► Coarse spatial resolution, high temporal resolution ► NOAA, GOES, and DMSP ► NIMBUS ► EOS, OrbView-2, SPOT-4

4. 1. AVHRR ► Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ► 1979 – ► Designed as weather sensors on NOAA satellites ► Become increasingly popular for land oriented applications http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spacebrn.htm

5. AVHRR Orbits ► Sun-synchronous ► Inclination 98.9 o ► 833km altitude ► Swath 2400km cross track

6. East Coast on September 27, 1997: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_6.html June 26, 2000 covers European Russian eastward into Siberia. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_6.html

7. Spectral Resolution ► - band1: 0.58-0.68microm (red) - band2: 0.72-1.10microm (near infrared) - band3: 3.55-3.93microm (mid infrared- thermal) - band4: 10.30-11.3microm (thermal)* - band5: 11.50-12.5microm (thermal)*

8. Resolutions ► 10 bits, 1024 levels of brightness ► Spatial resolution - 1.1km Local Area Coverage (LAC) - 4 km global Area Coverage (GAC) ► Temporal resolution: daily ► Temporal resolution: daily

9. Data ► Low cost ► Public domain distributed by NOAA ► Public domain distributed by NOAA

10. Vegetation Indices ► Vegetation Index (VI): NIR-Red ► Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) NDVI = (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)

11. NDVI AVHRR http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/gimms/

12. NDVI MODIS https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/modis_products_table/mod13c2

13. NDVI SPOT http://www.spot-vegetation.com/pages/policy.html

14. Spectral Reflectance Curve

15. Vegetation Index http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect3/Sect3_4.html

16. 2. GOES 2. GOES ► Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites ► As part of global network of metsats 70 o longitude apart around the world, domestic data available since 1975 ► Geosynchronous, altitude 36,000km ► GOES East 75 o W, GOES-West 135 o W

17. GOES East 75 o W http://www.goes.noaa.gov/ECIR4.html

18. GOES-West 135 o W http://www.goes.noaa.gov/WCIR4.html

19. GOES.. ► A full disk view ► A visible (day time) 0.55-0.70microm 4 thermal band (day and night) 3.8-12.5microm ► 1km spatial resolution for the visible band, and 4,8,4,4km for the four thermal bands, respectively ► Data are distributed real time

20. GOES View of South America http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_7.html

21. 3. DMSP ► Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ► Data were available to civilian users since 1973 http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/dmsp.htm

22. 3. DMSP ► Sun-synchronous ► 0.4-1.1microm (visible & NIR), 8-13microm (thermal) ► A nighttime visible band, the population map, volcanoes, oil and gas fields, and forest fires ► 3km spatial resolution

25. NIGHTFALL IN USA

26. OUR PLANET IN THE MIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE AT NIGHT

32. 4. Ocean Monitoring Satellites ► Nimbus-7, 1978 – 1986 ► Carry Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) ► Swath 1566km The Gulf of Mexico http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_4.html Visible Thermal

33. 4. NIMBUS ► 825m spatial resolution ► 6 bands - visible bands: phytoplankton concentration, suspended silt - NIR: surface vegetation, land/water boundary - thermal: sea surface temperature

34. Color-coded temperature maps http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_4.html

35. 5. Earth Observing System (EOS) ► Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) formally called Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) NASA program ► Terra (EOS-AM), 1999 Aqua (EOS-PM), 2002

36. Terra Terra http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

37. Five Sensors on Board Terra ► MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer ► ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ► CERES - Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System ► MISR - Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer ► MOPITT - Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere

38. MODIS http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html ► MODIS, a highly improved successor to AVHRR ► Launched in 1999 ► Launched in 1999 ► Greater spatial resolution, 250, 500, and 1000m ► 36 bands between 0.405-14.385  m ► 4096 radiometric resolution ► 2-day interval

39. MODIS Bands ► Bands 1-2 0.62-0.876  m, 250m, Land/clouds boundaries ► Bands 3-7 0.459-2.155  m, 500m, Land/cloud properties ► Bands 8-16 0.405-0.877  m, 1000m, Ocean color /phytoplankton/biogeochemistry ► Bands 17-19 0.890-0.965  m, 1000m, Atmospheric water vapor

40. MODIS Bands … ► Bands 20-23 3.660-4.080  m, 1000m, Surface/cloud temperature ► Bands 24-25 4.433-4.549  m, 1000m, Atmospheric temperature ► Band 26 1.360-1.390  m, 1000m, Cirrus clouds ► Bands 27-29 6.538-8.700  m, 1000m, Water vapor

41. MODIS Bands … ► Band 30 9.580-9.880  m, 1000m, Ozone ► Bands 31-32 10.780-12.270  m, 1000m, Surface/cloud temperature ► Bands 33-36 13.185-14.385  m, 1000m, Cloud top altitude

42. A MODIS oblique view One of the important EOS joint study programs is the Indian Ocean Experiment. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

43. MODIS Atmospheric appearance of aerosols, much being the result of pollution Water vapor, even when heavy clouds are absent or dispersed http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

44. MODIS The fluorescent properties of the ocean, which relate to plankton content. The chlorophyll content http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

45. ASTER ► Collaboration between US and Japan ► Consists of three instrument systems VNIR: visible and NIR ► Consists of three instrument systems VNIR: visible and NIR SWIR: short wave infrared TIR: thermal infrared SWIR: short wave infrared TIR: thermal infrared ► 60km swath http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

46. ASTER ► VNIR: visible and NIR G, R, NIR, NIR; 15m, 8bits G, R, NIR, NIR; 15m, 8bits ► SWIR: short wave infrared 5 bands in MIR; 30m, 8bits ► TIR: thermal infrared 5 bands in thermal; 90m, 12bits http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

47. ASTER Volcanoes in the Andes mountain chain of South America http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_26.html

48. Examples of ASTER RGB false-color composites draped over ASTER DTMs. (A) Tasman Glacier, New Zealand. The scene covers approximately 25 x 25 km (B) Llewellyn Glacier, British Columbia. Scale is ∼ 13 km across the middle of the image and 25 km from bottom (foreground) to top (background). 15m resolution. Multispectral imaging contributions to global land ice measurements from space Kargel, J. S. and 16 others (2005) Multispectral Imaging contributions to Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Special Issue on Terra/ ASTER Science. Remote Sensing of Environment 99, 187-219

49. Mapping alluvial gully erosion in Australia tropical rivers Knight, J., Spencer, J. Brooks, A. & Phinn, S. “Large-Area, High-Resolution Remote Sensing Based Mapping of Alluvial Gully Erosion in Australia’s Tropical Rivers”. Proceedings of the 5th Australian Stream Management Conference Proceedings, Albury, NSW May 2007

50. Aqua http://aqua.nasa.gov/

51. Aqua ► Complement Terra observations by providing data later in the day ► Launched in 2002 ► Designed to obtain information of weather and ocean ► 6 instruments on board including MODIS

52. Six Sensors on Board Aqua ► MODIS ► CERES ► AMSR/E - Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS ► AMSU - Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit ► AIRS - Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ► HSB - Humidity Sounder for Brazil

53. Aqua Improved sea surface and brightness temperatures on June 2-4 http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_10a.ht ml

54. Aqua Sea surface temperature in hurricane alley. This false color composite image is made using data taken by AMSR-E on board EOS, May 2002.

55. 6. SeaWiFS ► Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor ► NASA contracted with Orbital Science Corp. launched on OrbView-2 ► Designed to study ocean biogeochemistry http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/orbview2.htm

56. 6. SeaWiFS ► 8 bands between 0.402-0.885  m ► 1.1km spatial resolution ► 2800km swath Chlorphyll concentrations (in red, yellow, and orange colors) on a near global scale during September, 1997. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_26.html

57. 7. SPOT 4 ► Launched on Mar 23, 1998 ► High Resolution Visible and Infrared (HRVIR) ► An additional mid-infrared 1.58-1.75  m for vegetation, mineral, and soil moisture monitoring ► Replace the pan band with a red band that produces both 10m black/white and 20m XS data ► A wide IFOV Vegetation Monitoring Instrument with 1km resolution, 2250km swath, B, R, NIR, MIR bands

58. Readings ► Chapter 6

59. 3-D atmospheric maps developed from multisensor observations such as the above three data sets. Here is the western Mediterranean (France on left and North Africa on right) with the bottom shown as a landscape image, and atmospheric layers at 8 and 12 km shown in colors with red the warmest and purples coolest. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_10a.html