1. POLLEN, SEEDS, AND PLANT REPRODUCTION
The pollen in the core in lab
The geography and ecology of the pollens
Pollen’s role in reproduction

2. The common pollens in the Lilypad Pond core
birch
oak
pine
spruce
beech
hemlock
fir
larch

3. The conifer pollens in the Lilypad Pond Core
pine
spruce
fir
larch
hemlock

4. Pine pollen coating the surface of Lake Champlain

5. Pine pollen in hand.

6. Pollen Cones on a pine tree

8. pollen cones
POLLEN AND SEED CONES OF A PINE
Seed cones

9. eastern white pine - Pinus strobus

10. black spruce - Picea mariana

11. balsam fir - Abies balsamea

12. These conifers occupy vertical zones in Vermont today…
Spruce-fir, above 2500’
Beech-birch-maple, below 2500’

13. POLLEN, SEEDS, AND PLANT REPRODUCTION
The pollen in the core in lab
The geography and ecology of the pollens
Pollen’s role in reproduction

14. The conifer pollens in the Lilypad Pond Core
pine
spruce
fir
larch
hemlock

15. Pine pollen is designed to be blown into the interior of pine cones
Karl Niklas

17. And the different grains are each designed for their own cone
pine
spruce
fir