1. Chapter Three Political Culture and Political Socialization Political Culture and Political Socialization Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Political Culture and Political Socialization  Each nation has own political norms that influence how people think about politics  The way political institutions function affects the public’s attitudes, norms, expectations  Political Culture: public attitudes toward politics and its role within political system  Political Socialization: how individuals form political attitudes and political culture  Each nation has own political norms that influence how people think about politics  The way political institutions function affects the public’s attitudes, norms, expectations  Political Culture: public attitudes toward politics and its role within political system  Political Socialization: how individuals form political attitudes and political culture Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Mapping the Three Levels of Political Culture  A nation’s political culture includes its citizens’ orientations at three levels:  Political System  Political and Policymaking Process  Policy Outputs and Outcomes  A nation’s political culture includes its citizens’ orientations at three levels:  Political System  Political and Policymaking Process  Policy Outputs and Outcomes Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Mapping the Three Levels of Political Culture  System Level: how people view values and organizations that comprise the political system  Process Level: expectations of how politics should function and individuals’ relationship to political process  Policy Level: public’s policy expectations for government  System Level: how people view values and organizations that comprise the political system  Process Level: expectations of how politics should function and individuals’ relationship to political process  Policy Level: public’s policy expectations for government Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. The System Level  Difficult for political system to endure lacking support of citizens  National pride is effective emotional tie  Legitimacy: basic understanding between citizens and political officials  people obey laws, government meets obligations  Systems with low legitimacy:  people often resort to violence to solve political disagreements  Difficult for political system to endure lacking support of citizens  National pride is effective emotional tie  Legitimacy: basic understanding between citizens and political officials  people obey laws, government meets obligations  Systems with low legitimacy:  people often resort to violence to solve political disagreements Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. The Process Level Second level of political culture involves what public expects from political process:  Patterns changing in recent years  Broad support for democratic principles: participatory process, majority rules, minority rights, political tolerance  Nondemocratic forms of governance no longer accepted  Global marketplace connects more people to domestic and international politics  Modernization through work, education, media has powerful effect on traditions and legitimacy Second level of political culture involves what public expects from political process:  Patterns changing in recent years  Broad support for democratic principles: participatory process, majority rules, minority rights, political tolerance  Nondemocratic forms of governance no longer accepted  Global marketplace connects more people to domestic and international politics  Modernization through work, education, media has powerful effect on traditions and legitimacy Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. The Policy Level  What is the appropriate role of government?  Government or private sector management of economy?  Government intervention in social/moral issues?  Big government versus small government?  Basic measure of government performance is ability to meet policy expectations of citizens  Expectations regarding function of government:  Outputs: welfare and security  Process: rule of law and procedural justice  What is the appropriate role of government?  Government or private sector management of economy?  Government intervention in social/moral issues?  Big government versus small government?  Basic measure of government performance is ability to meet policy expectations of citizens  Expectations regarding function of government:  Outputs: welfare and security  Process: rule of law and procedural justice Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Consensual or Conflictual Political Cultures  A country deeply divided in its political values with differences persisting over time, may develop distinctive political subcultures:  sharply different points of view on critical political matters  different cultural trajectories based on historical or social factors (ethnicity, religion, linguistics)  groups increase in skills and confidence and demand equal treatment  A country deeply divided in its political values with differences persisting over time, may develop distinctive political subcultures:  sharply different points of view on critical political matters  different cultural trajectories based on historical or social factors (ethnicity, religion, linguistics)  groups increase in skills and confidence and demand equal treatment Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Why Culture Matters  Cultural norms change slowly and reflect stable values  Encapsulate history, traditions, values of society  Congruence Theory:  Distribution of cultural patterns typically related to type of political process citizens expect and support  Do democracies create participatory democratic systems, or does a political culture lead to a democratic political system?  Political culture can build common political community  Political culture can also have the power to divide  Cultural norms change slowly and reflect stable values  Encapsulate history, traditions, values of society  Congruence Theory:  Distribution of cultural patterns typically related to type of political process citizens expect and support  Do democracies create participatory democratic systems, or does a political culture lead to a democratic political system?  Political culture can build common political community  Political culture can also have the power to divide Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Political Socialization  Political socialization refers to way political values are formed and political culture is transmitted from one generation to next  Three general points about socialization:  Socialization can occur in different ways:  Direct Socialization  Indirect Socialization  Socialization is a lifelong process  Patterns of socialization can be unifying or divisive  Political socialization refers to way political values are formed and political culture is transmitted from one generation to next  Three general points about socialization:  Socialization can occur in different ways:  Direct Socialization  Indirect Socialization  Socialization is a lifelong process  Patterns of socialization can be unifying or divisive Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Agents of Political Socialization  Individuals, organizations, institutions that influence political attitudes:  Family  Social Groups and Identities  Schools  Peer Groups  Interest Groups  Political Parties  Mass Media  Direct Contact with the Government  Sources of political socialization determine content of what is learned about politics  Ability of a nation to recreate political culture in successive generations is important factor in perpetuating political system  Individuals, organizations, institutions that influence political attitudes:  Family  Social Groups and Identities  Schools  Peer Groups  Interest Groups  Political Parties  Mass Media  Direct Contact with the Government  Sources of political socialization determine content of what is learned about politics  Ability of a nation to recreate political culture in successive generations is important factor in perpetuating political system Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Trends Shaping Contemporary Political Cultures  Democratization: modernization eroded legitimacy of nondemocratic ideologies; increased citizens’ claims for equal participation in policymaking  Marketization: increased acceptance of free-market over government control of economy  Globalization: increasing international interactions expose people to norms of other nations  Democratization: modernization eroded legitimacy of nondemocratic ideologies; increased citizens’ claims for equal participation in policymaking  Marketization: increased acceptance of free-market over government control of economy  Globalization: increasing international interactions expose people to norms of other nations Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.