1. Gender and CCTs in South Asia Education Nazmul Chaudhury Washington DC, October 3 2007

2. Bangladesh Female Secondary School Assistance Program (FSSAP): Demand-Side Intervention to Increase Female Secondary School Enrollment Supply-Side Intervention to Increase the ‘Private’ Supply of Secondary Schools (Tiny sum of) Cash is Deposited in Female Pupil’s Account Conditional upon her: Regular Attendance, Passing Grade, Remaining Unmarried till 18/Completion

3. What was the Impact of FSSAP? No Baseline nor Randomized phasing of program implementation, so establishing causality is difficult, but it was ‘correlated’ with: A rapid increase in share of female enrollment (from 33% to 53% in less than a decade)

5. Dramatic Supply-Side Response ‘Feminization’ of Madrasa High Schools Registration Introduction of Modern Curriculum Coed Education ‘Socialization’ Impact of Madrasa Schooling

6. Concerns about FSSAP … Unintended Consequences Did it adversely effect Male Enrollment? What about Quality? Did the rapid enrollment/supply response lower overall school quality? What was the motive of supply providers? Altruism? A way of doling out jobs?

7. Next Steps for the New Version … Systematic Tracking and Improvement in Quality Continuing Governance Reforms Poverty Targeting to include both Poor Girls and Boys

8. Demonstration effect of FSSAP in SA … Punjab (Pakistan) Female Secondary School Stipend Component of the Education Sector Reform Program 15 low-literacy districts Only Public Secondary Schools 9% increase in female enrollment Sind (Pakistan) Female Stipends Very, very difficult situation …

9. General Issues to Think About … How large to make the cash transfer ? $ 0.3 per month in Bangladesh $3 per month in Punjab How to address Supply-side Constraints? How to Target Poor? Boys as well ? How to influence non-education outcomes as well?