1. Classification

2. Taxonomy Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

3. Can you classify these?

4. Aristotle first person to classify organisms first person to classify organisms classified living things as plants or animals classified living things as plants or animals grouped animals as grouped animals as land dwellers land dwellers air dwellers air dwellers water dwellers water dwellers he groups plants into 3 groups based on their stems he groups plants into 3 groups based on their stems his system was based on common names his system was based on common names

6. Why Doesn’t That System Work? many animals that live in the same environment are more closely related to others in another environment many animals that live in the same environment are more closely related to others in another environment for example: whales are classified with fish in the water and bats with birds in the air. Actually bats and whales are more closely related to each other as mammals for example: whales are classified with fish in the water and bats with birds in the air. Actually bats and whales are more closely related to each other as mammals common names vary from place to place common names vary from place to place for example: a dog in English is a chien in French, a cane in Italian and a perro in Spanish for example: a dog in English is a chien in French, a cane in Italian and a perro in Spanish descriptions are not always accurate descriptions are not always accurate for example: jellyfish are not fish for example: jellyfish are not fish

8. Linnaeus devised a system that has hierarchical categories devised a system that has hierarchical categories used morphology (form and structure) to categorize used morphology (form and structure) to categorize 7 levels of organization 7 levels of organization what we use today what we use today

9. Linnaeus’ levels of classification  Kingdom  largest and most inclusive (there are 6 of them)  Phylum  called division in plants  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species  smallest and least inclusive  only one organism type/species (eg. dog)

10. Lion Great White Shark Percula Clownfish Common Octopus KingdomAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimalia PhylumChordataChordataChordataMollusca ClassMammaliaChondrichthyesOsteichthyesCephalapoda OrderCarnivoraLamnifomesPerciformesOctopoda FamilyFelidaeLamnidaePomacentridaeOctopodidae GenusPantheraCarcharodonAmphiprionOctopus Speciesleocarchariasperculavulgaris

11. More specifically within mammals:LionJaguarOrangutanHumanDog KingdomAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimalia PhylumChordataChordataChordataChordataChordata ClassMammaliaMammaliaMammaliaMammaliaMammalia OrderCarnivoraCarnivoraPrimatePrimateCarnivora FamilyFelidaeFelidaePongidaeHominidaeCanidae GenusPantheraPantheraPongoHomoCanis Speciesleooncapygmaeussapienfamiliaris (there are different breeds of dogs, but they are all the same species)

12. Binomial Nomenclature bi = 2 nomial = name nomen= naming cloture= system bi = 2 nomial = name nomen= naming cloture= system The scientific name of an organism has two parts The scientific name of an organism has two parts Genus Genus species species

13. Ursus maritimusTrachemys scripta

14. Writing the Name italicized (or underlined if hand written) italicized (or underlined if hand written) genus is always capitalized genus is always capitalized species is always lower case species is always lower case eg- Panthera leo is the scientific name of a lion eg- Panthera leo is the scientific name of a lion Canis familiaris is the scientific name of a dog Canis familiaris is the scientific name of a dog Canis lupus is the scientific name of a wolf (notice the close relationship between the dog and wolf-they are in the same Genus together)

15. Canis familiarisCanis lupus

16. Important Vocabulary Prokaryotic: No Nucleus – BACTERIA Eukaryotic: Has Nucleus – Everything Else Autotrophic: “Self-feeding” – Producers / Make own sugar.. Photo/chemo – synthesis. Heterotrophic: “other eaters” – consumers Locomotion: Can move from place to place. Cell Wall: outside of cell membrane. Provides protection and shape. Multicellular: Made up of more than 1cell (cells specialize and depend on each other.) Unicellular: Made up of only one cell. Not dependent on others.

17. Six Kingdom System Plants Plants Animals Animals Fungi Fungi Protists Protists Eubacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria “ Archae” means ancient: Found in very hostile (acidic / hot) environments like that of ancient Earth.

18. Six Kingdom System

20. Kingdom: Archaebacteria prokaryotic prokaryotic unicellular unicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophic many live in harsh environments like hot sulfur springs and very salty lakes many live in harsh environments like hot sulfur springs and very salty lakes “archae” means ancient and seems to be direct descendants or very similar to the 1st organisms on Earth “archae” means ancient and seems to be direct descendants or very similar to the 1st organisms on Earth

22. Kingdom Eubacteria prokaryotic prokaryotic unicellular unicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophic “eu” means true “eu” means true includes many bacteria that affect your life (like the ones that cause tooth decay, make foods like yogurt and cause food poisoning) includes many bacteria that affect your life (like the ones that cause tooth decay, make foods like yogurt and cause food poisoning)

24. Kingdom Protista eukaryotic eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular unicellular and multicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophic look like plants but lack specialized tissues look like plants but lack specialized tissues include giant kelp, euglena and amoebae include giant kelp, euglena and amoebae

26. Kingdom Fungi eukaryotic eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular unicellular and multicellular heterotrophic heterotrophic absorb nutrients absorb nutrients include mushrooms, mildews and molds include mushrooms, mildews and molds

28. Kingdom Plantae eukaryotic eukaryotic multicellular multicellular autotrophic (rarely heterotrophic) autotrophic (rarely heterotrophic) most live on land most live on land most use photosynthesis for energy most use photosynthesis for energy includes mosses, ferns, trees and flowering plants includes mosses, ferns, trees and flowering plants

30. Kingdom Animalia eukaryotic eukaryotic multicellular multicellular heterotrophic heterotrophic symmetrical body organization symmetrical body organization move about their environment move about their environment includes dogs, insects, birds, fish, coral… includes dogs, insects, birds, fish, coral…

32. Three Domain System A. developed by Carl Woese of the University of Illinois A. developed by Carl Woese of the University of Illinois B. a classification system based on molecular biology B. a classification system based on molecular biology * compares sequences of ribosomal RNA * compares sequences of ribosomal RNA

33. Domains 1. bacteria 1. bacteria * eubacteria in six-kingdom system * eubacteria in six-kingdom system 2. archae 2. archae * archaebacteria in 6 kingdom system * archaebacteria in 6 kingdom system 3. eukarya 3. eukarya * includes 4 eukaryotic kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae and animalia * includes 4 eukaryotic kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae and animalia