1. The Developing Brain A New Paradigm for The 21 st Century Tim Callahan, Psy.D.

2. Paradigm Shift “…scientific revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense that an existing paradigm has ceased to function adequately in the exploration of an aspect of nature” Thomas Kuhn

5. Diverse People, Diverse Learners, Diverse Brains

6. Nurturing Environments 2009 Institute of Medicine Report: Substantial Interrelationship Among Disorders Common Set of Conditions - The Environment 1. Minimize Toxic Events 2. Teach, Promote, Reinforce Pro-social Behaviors 3. Monitor & Limit Problem Behavior 4. Foster Psychological Flexibility Biglan, Flay, Embry, Sandler -2012

7. Flexible Brains in Uncertain Times

8. Technology

9. Plato & The New Technology “[Writing] will introduce forgetfulness into the soul of those who learn it: they will not practice using their memory because they will put their trust in writing, which is external and depends on signs that belong to others, instead of trying to remember from the inside, completely on their own.” (Phaedrus 275a-b )

11. By Design: Survival & Adaptation Accumulated Complexity Brain Regulation & Health Biological Nature of Relationships Developmental Operating Systems

12. Evolutionary Mismatch

18. Neurotransmitters Serotonin Dopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine GABA

19. Threat/Stress Management System By Design Dialogue Between Old & New Immune System Developed Through Exposure Cortisol Cascade “Crisis” Hyper-Excitable Systems Instinct Management

20. Stress Just Right Not Too Much, Not Too Little

21. Too Much Stress Brain Damage - Shrinks Neuronal Networks Wires Brain Toward Instinctual Survival & Fear Hyper Vigilant to Anticipated Threat Panic with Uncertainty, Change Prone to More & More Crisis Life Not Safe, Predictable, or Controllable Fragmented Sense of Self Behavior Problems = Solutions

23. Impact on School Performance Academic Performance Standardized Testing Math & Verbal Developmental Delays Language Delays Special Education Needs Repeated Grades Behavior Problems Bullying Absence & Truancy Removal & Exclusion

24. Trauma, Stress & Adverse Childhood Experiences, 3.4 million referrals nationally, for 6.3 million kids in 2012 62% investigated, 17.7% substantiated (686,000) 75% neglect, 15% physical, 10% sexual, 10% emotional Birth to one - highest 50.9 - girls, 48.7% boys 44% - White, 21.8% - Hispanic, 21% - AA Impact & Cost *Child Welfare Information Gateway -2014

25. Nature Nurture Michelangelo Every block of stone has a sculpture inside of it, it is the task of the sculptor to discover it.

26. Biological & Symbiotic

27. Spheres of Development

30. Pruning

31. Asymmetry of the Teen Brain

32. Gender Differences Same But Different 1% of 30,000 Genes Hormone Marinates Different Circuits for Same Task Compatible Complex Brains By Design

33. Plasticity & Resilience The Compensating Brain Neuroplasticity Adaptability Trauma, Stress & Resiliency Neuronal Connectivity Health Creating Environments Relationships as Anchors

34. The Recipe Safety Dignity Compassion Respect for Individual Differences Brain & Body Health Nurturing Environments Readiness Relationships Praise Stimulation & Rest Curiosity Humor, Playfulness Prosthetics Lifespan Development

36. TCallahan@GreeneESC.org