1. Pathway of Circulation14 16 14 15 1 7 13 6 6 8 9 5 12 10 2 3 11 4 1
It takes about 1 min. for blood to make 1 complete cycle
And so on…

2. Cardiovascular Circuits
Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit
Lung
Pulmonary
vein
Aorta
Left
atrium
ventricle
artery
Right
Vena
cava
oxygen-poor blood
oxygen-rich blood

3. Pulmonary Circulation
Takes place on the right side of the heart.
Pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs to pick up oxygen and return to heart

4. Systemic Circulation Takes place on left side of heart
Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body cells thru the aorta and other arteries
Blood low in oxygen returns to the heart

5. Coronary Circulation
The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from the heart muscle itself.
Although blood fills the chambers of the heart, the muscle tissue of the heart is so thick that it requires coronary blood vessels to deliver blood deep into the myocardium.

6. Coronary Circulation
The vessels that supply blood high in oxygen to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries.

7. Blood Vessels
Form a closed circuit of tubes that carry blood throughout the body
Laid end to end, the blood vessels in an average human body will stretch approximately 62,000 miles……2.5 times around the earth

8. Blood Vessels Have characteristic features
Are distinguished by size, tissue layers and direction of blood flow

9. Blood Vessels Arteries Receive blood from ventricles
Take blood away from the heart
Usually carry oxygenated blood
Thickest vessel walls
Withstand greater blood pressure
Are very elastic
Connect to capillaries
Aorta is the largest artery

10. Blood Vessels Veins Transport blood away from capillaries
Carry blood toward heart
Take blood to atria
Have valves
Thinner vessel walls with less smooth muscles
than arteries
Can stretch a great deal
Have larger diameters
Usually carry de-oxygenated blood
Vena cava is the largest vein

11. Blood Vessels
The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The valves allow the blood to flow towards the heart only.
Calf muscle
relaxed
contracts
Muscle
squeezes veins
Veins constrict;
blood moves;
valves open
Veins dialated;
blood still;
valves closed
Valves
OPEN
CLOSED

12. Blood Vessels Capillaries Smallest of blood vessels
Only one cell thick (epithelial cell)
Connect arteries to veins
Bring oxygen and nutrients to cells
Removes CO2, urea, and other wastes from cells
Where blood is under low pressure and moving slowly

13. Blood Vessels
A network of capillaries runs close to the cells in every part of the body. The capillaries have very thin walls which allows nutrients to diffuse through into the tissues and waste products to filter back into the capillaries.
Arteriole
Venule
Tissue cells
Vein
Artery
capillaries
Capillaries

14. C B O L M O P O A D R I V S E O S N S E O L F S

15. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels
The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

16. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)
It uses the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure
Average blood pressure for an adult is 120/80

17. Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure is defined as the maximum pressure in the arteries exerted during ventricular contraction (which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle)
Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure exerted when ventricles relax and fill (at the resting phase or end of the cardiac cycle)
Blood pressure readings = S/D

18. Blood Pressure Pressure waves move through the blood vessels
A person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries as an effect of the pressure waves (heart beat)
Pulse is used to denote the frequency of the heart beat
It can be felt at neck, wrist, and other places
Pulse is usually measured in beats per minute.
In most people, the pulse is an accurate measure of heart rate.

19. Blood Pressure vasodialation Vasoconstricion and
Vasoconstriction is narrowing of a blood vessel.
When a blood vessel constricts, the flow of blood is restricted or slowed.
Blood pressure will increase
Vasodilatation is where blood vessels in the body become wider following relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel wall. This will reduce blood pressure - since there is more room for the blood.

20. Blood
The life stream of the body, affecting every cell and system we have.
The blood is an accumulation of many different elements, each working in a specific way to keep us alive.

21. Blood
A circulating connective tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.

22. Blood Functions of blood: Supply oxygen to tissues
Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to tissues
Removal of wastes such as CO2 , urea and lactic acid from tissues
Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies

23. Blood Functions of blood continued:
Messenger functions, including transport of hormones and signaling of tissue
Coagulation, part of body's self-repair mechanism
Regulation of core body temperature
Regulation of body pH and ion concentrations

24. Blood What percent of your body is blood? 8%
How much blood do we contain?
On average 4-6 liters
We contain about a pint of blood for every 15 pounds of body weight
Composition of Blood:
What percent of your blood is cellular?
What percent of your blood is plasma? 8%
45%
55%

25. Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample
What is plasma?
A clear, straw colored fluid
What percent of plasma is water?
What’s in plasma?
Buffy coat leukocytes
and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes
(45% of whole blood)
Plasma
(55% of whole blood)
Formed
elements
90%
Dissolved gasses
Vitamins
Minerals
Salts
Nutrients
Enzymes
Hormones
Waste products
Plasma proteins
Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample

26. Blood The cellular components are:
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
Blood cells are formed in bone marrow

27. Blood B L O D C E F O R M A T I N

28. Blood Red Blood Cell Characteristics (RBC)- Erythrocyte
Biconcave disks
No nucleus
Contain the iron based pigment hemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it
Life span about 120 days
5 billion/1mL of blood = most numerous
Are very small

29. Blood
To the right is a Wright's stained peripheral blood smear under 1000 X magnification.
The average size of a red blood cell is 7.2 micrometers in diameter.
To the right is an artist's drawing showing the biconcave shape of the red blood cell.

30. Blood
How RBC’s transport oxygen....Hemoglobin .…the iron containing pigment
Hemoglobin makes red blood cells red

31. Blood White Blood Cell Characteristics (WBC)- Leukocyte
No definite shape
Have nucleus
Protect body against infection
Life span varies (3 days-a few months)
7,000/1mL of blood
Numbers increase if infection is present
Larger than RBC’s

32. Blood Types of white blood cells: Monocytes are the largest
Neutrophils are the most numerous
Lymphocytes are produced by the lymph tissue
Basophils release histamines

33. Blood Types of white blood cells:
When a cell undergoes apoptosis, programmed cell death, white blood cells called macrophages consume cell debris.
The role of a macrophage is to phagocytize (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens.