1. Open Access: An evolving alternative or a maturing threat? University of Hawaii - Manoa October 22, 2012 lorraine j haricombe

2. Outline Brief history Definition: Open Access? Progress report of evolving initiatives Actions at the national level Actions at the global level Measures of impact Milestones A maturing threat? Barriers to OA Possible scenarios Agents of Change How can librarians advance OA?

3. Brief History Purpose of scientific journal in 1665 –Share work quickly and widely –Establish priority for researchers in the field –Generate visibility for their work Provides intrinsic reward Intellectual commodity

4. Scientific publishing fast forward …. Scientific publishing as commercial commodity Serials crisis –Increased costs –Profit seeking publishers

5. The Internet: A game changer Arxiv PubMed Central SPARC NIH PLOS BMC

6. Advancing Open Access: Three Bs Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) Berlin Declaration on open Access (2003) Bethesda Statement (2003)

7. Budapest Open Access Initiative 10 years old Articulates two ways to accomplish Open access: –New generation of OA journals (gold) –Self-archiving (green)

8. Open Access: What is it? Essentials of the three initiatives include: Immediate and free availability of scholarship on the public Internet Dissemination of knowledge for the public good No barriers to access

9. OA Policies and Progress in Higher Education Early adopters in North America: 2008-2009: Harvard, MIT, Stanford 2009 and 2010: University of Kansas, first public institution For a more comprehensive view of global institutions with Open Access Repositories Mandatory Archiving Policies see ROARMAP at http://roarmap.eprints.org/ http://roarmap.eprints.org/

10. ROARMAP

11. Organizing…. 2011: COAPI (Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions) Initiated on July 19, 2011 with 22 institutions in north America Currently 46 participants Goal: Share best practices; implementation strategies Advocacy role at the national level COAPI Activities 2011-2012: 1 st meeting at Berlin 9 (November 2011) Responded to OSTP’ s request for information (December 2011) Developed COAPI-listserve 2 nd meeting at SPARC’s OA Conference in Kansas City (March 2012)

12. OA at the national level NIH OA policy 2008 FRPAA introduced 2009 BERLIN 9 Conference 2011 RWA withdrawn 2011 OSTP’s RFI2012 FRPAA reintroduced 2012 Petition for FRPAA2012 25,000 signatures to help drive home the importance of this issue at a critical time. Reached 25K signatures in less than two weeks.

13. Revolutionizing Open Access Wellcome Trust; Howard Hughes, Max Planck M: April 2012. Finch Report: June 2012 Research Councils in UK (RCUK) July 2012 ( 1 April 2013) World Bank: July 2012. SCOAP3- OA Initiative: October 2012. Global Research Council (GRC); 2012

14. Publishing Subscription-based journals Open access journals. See: http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=byCountry &uiLanguage=en http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=byCountry &uiLanguage=en

15. Growth of Open Access Journals Sherpa/Romeo –Of the 1165 publishers in the Romeo/Sherpa database 67% allow some form of self-archiving Images retrieved from: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/statistics.php?la=en&fIDnum=|&mode=simple

16. Growth of OA Repositories Image retrieved from: http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2012/10/thank-you-open-access-movement.html

17. OA Author Funds Pure OA Hybrid OA Compact for Open Access Equity (COPE)

18. OA Scholarly Publishers OASPA launched in 2008 Include AIP; American Phys, Society; BMC; Hindawi; PLOS; SAGE. Wiley Open Access launched an OA journal program in 2011

19. Impact of Open Access Alma Swan report (2010) http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/268516/2/Citation_advantage_paper.pd f –27 found a positive open access citation advantage –4 found no open access citation advantage (citation disadvantage)

20. Significant Milestones More OA policies in HE Major journals implement a variety of OA features (OASPA) Major orgs endorse OA APCs implemented at many institutions

21. Milestones… APCs implemented at many institutions FRPAA reintroduced 25K signatures to support FRPAA OA articles have citation advantage Awareness among faculty/researchers

22. A maturing threat? Not so fast >>>> STEM profit margins remain high

23. Typical profit margins For 2010-2011 –Elsevier: 36.0% –Springer: 33.9% –John Wiley:42.0% –Informa:32.4% http://svpow.com/2012/01/13/the-obscene- profits-of-commercial-scholarly-publishers/

24. Possible scenarios Publishers will – resist forces of OA –continue to experiment with OA models (gold/green road initiatives) OA advocates will persist in their work Mixed models of publishing will co-exist simultaneously for a while

25. Change: the only constant Some change is inevitable, lots of work How? FRPAA Business models

26. OA challenges persist OA repositories grow, deposits are slow APCs may cause affordability problems Faculty do not like fees for OA publishing More outreach/education required

27. Agents of change Gladwell: Tipping point Minor changes carefully conceived and adeptly enacted, can produce major consequences for individuals, organizations and communities.

28. The law of the few Pareto’s principle (80/20) –Connectors: Bring people together –Mavens: Info specialists. People who know –Salesmen: persuaders/charismatic w powerful negotiation skills

29. How can we advance OA? Librarians are uniquely positioned to advance the success of any possible solution OA publishing needs skilled and responsible management Be the connectors, mavens and the salespeople to support the ultimate goal of OA

30. THANK YOU! QUESTIONS?