1. Week 14b. Bonus section: Articulating the tree CAS LX 522 Syntax I

2. Using the microscope We started off with a relatively simple structure, with a CP, an IP, a VP. We started off with a relatively simple structure, with a CP, an IP, a VP. tktk VPVP IP V I i +C C CP what DP j did I titi tjtj Pat DP k DP eat V DP I

3. Using the microscope As we looked closer, we had reason to think that the “VP” was more complicated, involving a “little v”. As we looked closer, we had reason to think that the “VP” was more complicated, involving a “little v”. tktk vPvP IP v I i +C C CP what DP j did I titi Pat DP k eat Vm+vVm+v DP I tmtm VPVP tjtj V

4. Using the microscope But for many purposes, we don’t need to focus on the minute details of the VP. In those situations, you’ll find that people still write VPs like this, with the understanding that the vP is there. But for many purposes, we don’t need to focus on the minute details of the VP. In those situations, you’ll find that people still write VPs like this, with the understanding that the vP is there. tktk VPVP IP V I i +C C CP what DP j did I titi tjtj Pat DP k DP eat V DP I

5. Using the microscope What we’re going to do now is put “IP” under the microscope, where we’ll find it is more complicated. For most purposes, we can continue to think about it as “IP”, but this is a preview of where syntax can go from here. What we’re going to do now is put “IP” under the microscope, where we’ll find it is more complicated. For most purposes, we can continue to think about it as “IP”, but this is a preview of where syntax can go from here. tktk VPVP IP V I i +C C CP what DP j did I titi tjtj Pat DP k DP eat V DP I

6. Let’s go back to French… Jean mange souvent des pommes. Jean eats often of.the apples ‘Jean often eat apples.’ *Jean souvent mange des pommes. Jean mange souvent des pommes. Jean eats often of.the apples ‘Jean often eat apples.’ *Jean souvent mange des pommes. Recall that this was one of our early examples showing verb- movement to I. French and English differ in whether they move finite main verbs to I. Recall that this was one of our early examples showing verb- movement to I. French and English differ in whether they move finite main verbs to I. titi V VP des pommes PP V i +I I IP Jean DP j mange V AdvP souvent tjtj

7. French negation This happens with respect to negation too—the finite verb move to the left of negative pas… This happens with respect to negation too—the finite verb move to the left of negative pas… Jean ne mange pas des pommes. Jean NE eat NEG of.the apples ‘J doesn’t eat apples.’ *Jean pas ne mange des pommes. Jean ne mange pas des pommes. Jean NE eat NEG of.the apples ‘J doesn’t eat apples.’ *Jean pas ne mange des pommes. But fortunately or unfortunately, things are more complex that this… But fortunately or unfortunately, things are more complex that this… titi V VP PP I IP DP k Neg NegP pas ne mange [Neg+V i ] j +I tjtj tktk

8. French and a problem… Finite verbs (main verbs and auxiliaries) in French precede adverbs and precede negative pas—they must move to I. Finite verbs (main verbs and auxiliaries) in French precede adverbs and precede negative pas—they must move to I. Now let’s look at infinitives, first the auxiliaries… Now let’s look at infinitives, first the auxiliaries… N’être pas invité, c’est triste. NE be inf NEG invited, it’s sad ‘Not to be invited is sad.’ N’être pas invité, c’est triste. NE be inf NEG invited, it’s sad ‘Not to be invited is sad.’ Ne pas être invité, c’est triste. NE NEG be inf invited, it’s sad ‘Not to be invited is sad.’ Ne pas être invité, c’est triste. NE NEG be inf invited, it’s sad ‘Not to be invited is sad.’ Nonfinite auxiliaries can either move past pas (to I) or not, it appears to be optional. Nonfinite auxiliaries can either move past pas (to I) or not, it appears to be optional.

9. French and a problem… +Fin aux:V Adv, V neg : Moves to I. +Fin aux:V Adv, V neg : Moves to I. +Fin verb:V Adv, V neg : Moves to I. +Fin verb:V Adv, V neg : Moves to I. –Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V): (Opt.) Moves to I. –Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V): (Opt.) Moves to I. Nonfinite main verbs…and adverbs… Nonfinite main verbs…and adverbs… Souvent paraître triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare. Often appear inf sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare ‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’ Souvent paraître triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare. Often appear inf sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare ‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’ Paraître souvent triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare. Appear inf often sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare ‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’ Paraître souvent triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare. Appear inf often sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare ‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’ Nonfinite main verbs can either move past adverbs or not; optional like with auxiliaries. Nonfinite main verbs can either move past adverbs or not; optional like with auxiliaries.

10. French and a problem… +Fin aux:V Adv, V neg : Moves to I. +Fin aux:V Adv, V neg : Moves to I. +Fin verb:V Adv, V neg : Moves to I. +Fin verb:V Adv, V neg : Moves to I. –Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V): (Opt.) Moves to I. –Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V): (Opt.) Moves to I. –Fin verb:(V) Adv (V), … –Fin verb:(V) Adv (V), … Nonfinite main verbs…and negation… Nonfinite main verbs…and negation… Ne pas sembler heureux est une condition pour écrire des romans. NE NEG seem inf happy is a prerequisite for write inf of.the novels ‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’ Ne pas sembler heureux est une condition pour écrire des romans. NE NEG seem inf happy is a prerequisite for write inf of.the novels ‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’ *Ne sembler pas heureux est une condition pour écrire des romans. NE seem inf NEG happy is a prerequisite for write inf of.the novels ‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’ *Ne sembler pas heureux est une condition pour écrire des romans. NE seem inf NEG happy is a prerequisite for write inf of.the novels ‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’ Nonfinite main verbs can not move past negation. Nonfinite main verbs can not move past negation.

11. French and a problem… +Fin aux/verb: V Adv, V neg Moves to I. +Fin aux/verb: V Adv, V neg Moves to I. –Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V) (Opt.) Moves to I. –Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V) (Opt.) Moves to I. –Fin verb: (V) Adv (V), neg V Moves over adv not neg?? –Fin verb: (V) Adv (V), neg V Moves over adv not neg?? So we have the whole pattern— and we didn’t predict it. Where could the verb be moving? A head can’t adjoin to an XP, it has to be moving to a head. (Must remain X-bar compliant) So we have the whole pattern— and we didn’t predict it. Where could the verb be moving? A head can’t adjoin to an XP, it has to be moving to a head. (Must remain X-bar compliant) V VP PP I IP Neg NegP pas ne I V AdvP souvent Neg DP k V

12. French and a problem… +Fin aux/verb: V Adv, V neg Moves to I. +Fin aux/verb: V Adv, V neg Moves to I. –Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V) (Opt.) Moves to I. –Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V) (Opt.) Moves to I. –Fin verb: (V) Adv (V), neg V Moves over adv not neg?? –Fin verb: (V) Adv (V), neg V Moves over adv not neg?? We need there to be a head here in the tree for the verb to move to… We need there to be a head here in the tree for the verb to move to… That means we need to insert a whole phrase (heads always head something)… That means we need to insert a whole phrase (heads always head something)… V VP PP I IP Neg NegP pas ne I V AdvP souvent Neg DP k V

13. A new FP +Fin aux/verb: V Adv, V neg Moves to (F, then to) I. +Fin aux/verb: V Adv, V neg Moves to (F, then to) I. –Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V) (Opt.) Moves to (F, then to) I. –Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V) (Opt.) Moves to (F, then to) I. –Fin verb: (V) Adv (V), neg V (Opt.) Moves to F –Fin verb: (V) Adv (V), neg V (Opt.) Moves to F Now we have a place for nonfinite main verbs to move, past adverbs but under negation. They can move to F. Now we have a place for nonfinite main verbs to move, past adverbs but under negation. They can move to F. V VP PP I IP Neg NegP pas ne I V AdvP souvent Neg DP k V F FP F

14. What is FP? Vous avez pris les pommes. you have taken the apples 3MSG 3FPL ‘You took the apples.’ Vous avez pris les pommes. you have taken the apples 3MSG 3FPL ‘You took the apples.’ Vous les avez prises. you them have taken 3PL 3FPL ‘You took them (3fpl).’ Vous les avez prises. you them have taken 3PL 3FPL ‘You took them (3fpl).’ Quelles pommes avez-vous prises? Which apples have you taken 3FPL 3FPL ‘Which apples did you take?’ Quelles pommes avez-vous prises? Which apples have you taken 3FPL 3FPL ‘Which apples did you take?’ Vous avez pris la pomme. you have taken the apple 3MSG 3FSG ‘You took the apple.’ Vous l’avez prise. you it have taken 3SG 3FSG ‘You took it (3fsg).’ Quelle pomme avez-vous prise? Which apple have you taken 3FSG 3FSG ‘Which apple did you take?’

15. A new FP As the verb and the object make their way up the tree, assuming the object moves to SpecFP, there is a point where the verb and object are in a Spec-head configuration. As the verb and the object make their way up the tree, assuming the object moves to SpecFP, there is a point where the verb and object are in a Spec-head configuration. This is how the verb would check its object agreement features. This is how the verb would check its object agreement features. Based on this, FP is generally called AgrOP. Object agreement phrase. Based on this, FP is generally called AgrOP. Object agreement phrase. VP titi I IP I V tktk V F FP F C CP C DP k DP i titi

16. AgrOP AgrOP, Object agreement phrase. AgrOP, Object agreement phrase. As the verb moves up to I, it has to stop off in AgrOP (the Head Movement Constraint requires it), forming successively more complex heads. As the verb moves up to I, it has to stop off in AgrOP (the Head Movement Constraint requires it), forming successively more complex heads. V AgrO+V AgrO+V I+[AgrO+V] I+[AgrO+V] But why does the object have to move to SpecAgrOP? But why does the object have to move to SpecAgrOP? VP titi I IP I V tktk V AgrO AgrOP AgrO C CP C DP k DP i titi

17. AgrOP Why does the object have to move to SpecAgrOP? Why does the object have to move to SpecAgrOP? What makes DPs move? We know the subject moves. Partly for the EPP, but partly to get Case. What makes DPs move? We know the subject moves. Partly for the EPP, but partly to get Case. The subject gets Case in SpecIP, so we know Case can be assigned to a specifier. The subject gets Case in SpecIP, so we know Case can be assigned to a specifier. What if we revise our notion of how objects get Case and say that they too get Case in a specifier, of AgrOP? Then it would have to move. What if we revise our notion of how objects get Case and say that they too get Case in a specifier, of AgrOP? Then it would have to move. Plus, it’s pleasingly symmetrical Plus, it’s pleasingly symmetrical VP titi I IP I V tktk V AgrO AgrOP AgrO C CP C DP k DP i titi

18. ECM AgrOP can solve a serious problem we had in English too… AgrOP can solve a serious problem we had in English too… Here’s the current way we analyzed ECM sentences, where me gets Case from want because me is in the “government radius” of want. Here’s the current way we analyzed ECM sentences, where me gets Case from want because me is in the “government radius” of want. The thing is, the embedded subject actually acts like it’s in the matrix clause somewhere. The thing is, the embedded subject actually acts like it’s in the matrix clause somewhere. DP i Bill I V VP wants I IP VP I to I IP leave V tktk DP k 1sg … titi V

19. ECM v. BT Mary wants her to leave. Mary wants her to leave. Bill considers himself to be a genius. Bill considers himself to be a genius. Before we said that the binding domain for anaphors and pronouns was a clause (say, IP). Before we said that the binding domain for anaphors and pronouns was a clause (say, IP). Her and himself above act like they are in the higher clause with the matrix subject. Her and himself above act like they are in the higher clause with the matrix subject. Our options are basically to Our options are basically to complicate the definition of binding domain in Binding Theory complicate the definition of binding domain in Binding Theory suppose the object has really moved out of the embedded clause. suppose the object has really moved out of the embedded clause.

20. ECM If If There is an AgrOP and There is an AgrOP and Normal objects generally go there and Normal objects generally go there and ECM subjects act like objects ECM subjects act like objects Then Then We can suppose that ECM subjects move there. We can suppose that ECM subjects move there. AgrO V VP wants AgrO AgrOP VP I to I IP leave V tktk titi DP i Bill I IP DP k 1sg tktk V I

21. ECM Great! Except… Great! Except… But this isn’t the surface word order. But this isn’t the surface word order. *Bill me wants to leave. *Bill me wants to leave. Where is BT checked? When is it important that pronouns be free and anaphors be bound? Where is BT checked? When is it important that pronouns be free and anaphors be bound? AgrO V VP wants AgrO AgrOP VP I to I IP leave V tktk titi DP i Bill I IP DP k 1sg tktk V I

22. ECM What’s special about ECM subjects? What’s special about ECM subjects? Case! Case! All accusative objects move to SpecAgrOP (covertly in English if they don’t need to move on) to “check” Case. They appear with a Case, but it needs to be verified by AgrO at LF. All accusative objects move to SpecAgrOP (covertly in English if they don’t need to move on) to “check” Case. They appear with a Case, but it needs to be verified by AgrO at LF. This is the standard interpretation of AgrOP. This is the standard interpretation of AgrOP. Also another example of “covert” movement between Spellout and LF. Also another example of “covert” movement between Spellout and LF. AgrO V VP wants AgrO AgrOP VP I to I IP leave V V tktk titi DP i Bill I IP DP k 1sg tktk V I

23. A moment of silence for Case under government Let’s take stock here for a second. Let’s take stock here for a second. French told us: French told us: There needs to be an FP between NegP and VP. There needs to be an FP between NegP and VP. Objects that move past FP have to stop there (inducing object agreement)—so FP is AgrOP. Objects that move past FP have to stop there (inducing object agreement)—so FP is AgrOP. Why do they have to stop in AgrOP? Why do they have to stop in AgrOP? They need Case. So AgrOP is what’s responsible for accusative Case. They need Case. So AgrOP is what’s responsible for accusative Case. But V used to be responsible for that! But V used to be responsible for that! Yet now we have a more symmetrical solution; Case is always assigned in the specifier of a functional projection. (just about, anyway) Yet now we have a more symmetrical solution; Case is always assigned in the specifier of a functional projection. (just about, anyway) And we have no more need for the “government radius” in Case assignment now that ECM is taken care of too. And we have no more need for the “government radius” in Case assignment now that ECM is taken care of too. Plus, we have evidence from binding theory that objects do seem to move by LF to someplace outside the clause in ECM constructions. Plus, we have evidence from binding theory that objects do seem to move by LF to someplace outside the clause in ECM constructions.

24. A moment of silence for Case under government This is a step forward. This is a step forward. We have a simpler theory (Case is assigned in only one way, we don’t need the strange-looking construct of “government radius”). We have a simpler theory (Case is assigned in only one way, we don’t need the strange-looking construct of “government radius”). We have an account for why ECM subjects act like they’re in the higher clause by LF. We have an account for why ECM subjects act like they’re in the higher clause by LF. Moreover, we have yet another reason to think that there is an LF level. Moreover, we have yet another reason to think that there is an LF level. So what does it mean for a verb to “assign accusative case”? So what does it mean for a verb to “assign accusative case”? Sadly, this is one place where we pay for the elegance elsewhere—”verb that assigns accusative case” is now another name for “verb that has an AgrOP above it.” Sadly, this is one place where we pay for the elegance elsewhere—”verb that assigns accusative case” is now another name for “verb that has an AgrOP above it.” In Syntax II, we’ll see a potential solution to even this apparent inelegance, but for now we just assume that transitive verbs are those with an AgrOP above them. In Syntax II, we’ll see a potential solution to even this apparent inelegance, but for now we just assume that transitive verbs are those with an AgrOP above them.

25. An AgrO you can see? Recall from earlier this semester that Irish is VSO, but yet seems to be SVO underlyingly: Recall from earlier this semester that Irish is VSO, but yet seems to be SVO underlyingly: Phóg Máire an lucharachán. kissed Mary the leprechaun ‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’ Phóg Máire an lucharachán. kissed Mary the leprechaun ‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’ Tá Máire ag-pógáil an lucharachán. Is Mary ing-kiss the leprechaun ‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’ Tá Máire ag-pógáil an lucharachán. Is Mary ing-kiss the leprechaun ‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’ If an auxiliary occupies the verb slot at the beginning of the sentence, the main verb appears between the subject and verb. Otherwise, the verb moves to first position. If an auxiliary occupies the verb slot at the beginning of the sentence, the main verb appears between the subject and verb. Otherwise, the verb moves to first position.

26. Northern Irish So, basically everything points to Irish being a head- initial language except… So, basically everything points to Irish being a head- initial language except… Ba mhaith liom [Seán an abairt a L scríobh] C good with. 1S S. ACC the sentence. ACC PRT write ‘I want S to write the sentence.’ S writing the sentence is good with us (lit.) Ba mhaith liom [Seán an abairt a L scríobh] C good with. 1S S. ACC the sentence. ACC PRT write ‘I want S to write the sentence.’ S writing the sentence is good with us (lit.) (cf. also I want him to meet me) (cf. also I want him to meet me) Ba mhaith liom [Seán fanacht] C good with. 1S S. ACC wait ‘I want S to wait.’ Ba mhaith liom [Seán fanacht] C good with. 1S S. ACC wait ‘I want S to wait.’

27. Morphology on French verbs Past, varying persons:je mange-ai-s ‘eat’tu mange-ai-s il mange-ai-t Past, varying persons:je mange-ai-s ‘eat’tu mange-ai-s il mange-ai-t Fut, varying persons:je mange-er-ai ‘eat’tu mange-er-as il mange-er-a Fut, varying persons:je mange-er-ai ‘eat’tu mange-er-as il mange-er-a Tense morphology is inside and separate from subject agreement morphology. Tense morphology is inside and separate from subject agreement morphology. Kind of looks like after tense, another, subject-agreeing morpheme is attached… Kind of looks like after tense, another, subject-agreeing morpheme is attached…

28. AgrSP? AgrOP, Object agreement phrase. AgrOP, Object agreement phrase. AgrSP, Subject agreement phrase? AgrSP, Subject agreement phrase? Pleasingly symmetrical! Pleasingly symmetrical! Complex heads: Complex heads: V AgrO+V AgrO+V T+[AgrO+V] T+[AgrO+V] AgrS+[T+[AgrO+V]] AgrS+[T+[AgrO+V]] VP titi T TP T V tktk V AgrO AgrOP AgrO AgrS AgrSP AgrS DP k titi C C

29. Split-INFL The assumption of this structure is sometimes referred to as the “Split- INFL” hypothesis; the INFLectional nodes have been “split” into subject agreement, tense, and object agreement. The assumption of this structure is sometimes referred to as the “Split- INFL” hypothesis; the INFLectional nodes have been “split” into subject agreement, tense, and object agreement. VP T TP T V V AgrO AgrOP AgrO AgrS AgrSP AgrS DP C C

30. The EPP & NOM We said before the T needs a specifier, that’s the essential content of the EPP. Plus, we said before that this is where NOM is assigned. We said before the T needs a specifier, that’s the essential content of the EPP. Plus, we said before that this is where NOM is assigned. Now there is AgrSP as well. Now there is AgrSP as well. AgrOP is responsible for ACC. AgrOP is responsible for ACC. In a symmetrical world, seems like AgrSP should be responsible for NOM. In a symmetrical world, seems like AgrSP should be responsible for NOM. So, now that (kind of mysterious) double motivation for moving to SpecIP has been clarified: The subject has to move to both SpecTP and SpecAgrSP, but each movement happens for a different reason. T for EPP, AgrSP for NOM. So, now that (kind of mysterious) double motivation for moving to SpecIP has been clarified: The subject has to move to both SpecTP and SpecAgrSP, but each movement happens for a different reason. T for EPP, AgrSP for NOM. VP T TP T V V AgrO AgrOP AgrO AgrS AgrSP AgrS DP C C

31. Adopting the Split-INFL hypothesis Lots of good syntax has been done both adopting the Split-INFL hypothesis (trees contain AgrSP, TP, AgrOP) or not (trees contain only IP). Lots of good syntax has been done both adopting the Split-INFL hypothesis (trees contain AgrSP, TP, AgrOP) or not (trees contain only IP). For many things, it doesn’t matter which you choose— analyses can be directly translated into a Split-INFL tree or vice-versa. For many things, it doesn’t matter which you choose— analyses can be directly translated into a Split-INFL tree or vice-versa. Where it doesn’t matter, it doesn’t matter, but sometimes it matters. Where it doesn’t matter, it doesn’t matter, but sometimes it matters.

32. Adopting the Split-INFL hypothesis The general program is that every dissociable piece of the structure should get its own place in the lexicon, its own functional head… The general program is that every dissociable piece of the structure should get its own place in the lexicon, its own functional head… Subject agreement is basically common across verbs, an independent piece. Subject agreement is basically common across verbs, an independent piece. Tense too is an independent piece. Tense too is an independent piece. And object agreement And object agreement And… plural marking… and progressive -ing, aspectual -en, … And… plural marking… and progressive -ing, aspectual -en, … In Syntax II, we’ll spend a lot of the semester looking at places in the tree where functional projections need to be added. In Syntax II, we’ll spend a lot of the semester looking at places in the tree where functional projections need to be added.

33. Split-INFL In recent literature, almost everything you read will make this assumption, that cross-linguistically, the clause is minimally constructed of these projections, generally in this order: In recent literature, almost everything you read will make this assumption, that cross-linguistically, the clause is minimally constructed of these projections, generally in this order: CP CP AgrSP AgrSP TP TP AgrOP AgrOP VP VP VP T TP T AgrO AgrOP AgrO AgrS AgrSP AgrS C C CP

34. Split-INFL Another line of thought (described by Radford in ch. 9) puts them in a different order (with AgrOP between vP and VP), but the same idea: Another line of thought (described by Radford in ch. 9) puts them in a different order (with AgrOP between vP and VP), but the same idea: CP CP AgrSP AgrSP TP TP vP vP AgrOP AgrOP VP VP There are various empirical and theoretical advantages and disadvantages to this order; they jury’s still out. There are various empirical and theoretical advantages and disadvantages to this order; they jury’s still out. T TP T v vPvP v AgrS AgrSP AgrS C C CP VP AgrO AgrOP AgrO

35.                       