1. Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation

2. Phase Contrast Images BrightfieldPhase Contrast

3. Phase Contrast Microscopy F. Zernike, 1930s

4. Phase Contrast Microscopy

5. Phase Contrast Images BrightfieldPhase Contrast

6. Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation

7. DIC (Nomarski) Images Phase Contrast Nomarski Optics

8. James Maxwell (1831-1879) Electromagnetism Electromagnetic Theory of Light

9. Wave Nature of Light Under some conditions, light behaves as an electromagnetic wave (Maxwell, 1855). In this model, electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to one another and to the direction of propagation of the light wave.

11. Refractive Polarization David Brewster (1781 - 1868) Brewster Angle [53 o - 56 o]

15. Optical Birefringence

24. Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

27. DIC Phase Contrast

28. Phase Contrast DIC

30. Hoffman Modulation

31. Hoffman Modulation Images