1. Instructor: Jerry Fugate Office: 218B Jackson Hall
Welcome to Biology 103 !
Instructor: Jerry Fugate
Office: 218B Jackson Hall

2. Biology 103 - Main points/Questions
Things to understand the first day.
What are we talking about this term?
What do you remember from 101 & 102?
Do all organisms reproduce like humans?

3. What do you remember from 101 (102?)?
Emergent property
Can you remember what this term means and an example from biology?

4. Terminology: Emergent property
A property of a complex system that appears as a result of interactions between the components of the system.

5. These tiles all have properties – shape, texture, color, size, strength…
Fig. 1.2, p. 4

6. Emergent Properties: Biological examples are common:
Starch and Cellulose

7. Cellulose – an indigestible fiber that builds plant cell walls

8. Starch – an easily digested energy storage molecule.
Starch grains in a plant chloroplast

9. Emergent Properties:
Biology is full of emergent properties because there are many layers of complexity – the hierarchy of biology!

10. More from 101&102 Emergent property ✔
Biological Hierarchy - what do we mean by this?

11. This term we will focus on the intermediate levels of organization
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
& Organisms

12. We will using humans as a starting point

13. Some Human Organ Systems
Each one has emergent properties!

14. Each organ system has an important role in building the organism that you are!
We will focus on reproduction first –
but not just in humans.

15. Compare & Contrast
Think of three or four ways plants and animals are similar
Think of three or four ways plants and animals are different

16. Plants have many of the same needs as animals
Gas exchange
Circulation
Nutrition
Support...
How do organisms build the properties they need?

17. We build more and more complex assemblies… so do plants!

18. Plants have complex organization including
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Figure: 24-1 top
Title:
Flowering plant structure top
Caption:
A flowering plant consists of root and shoot systems. The highly branched root system includes microscopic root hairs that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. The shoot system includes stems (from which branches grow), with buds and leaves. In the appropriate season, the shoot may bear flowers and fruit. Our model plant is a dicot.

19. More from 101 & 102 Emergent property✔ Biological Hierarchy✔
Natural Selection – what do you remember about how this works?

20. Relatively constant resources and population size over time
Potential for
rapid reproduction
Competition for survival
and reproduction
Variability in
structures and behaviors
NATURAL SELECTION:
On the average, the fittest
organisms leave the most offspring
Some variability
is inherited
EVOLUTION:
The genetic makeup of the population
changes over time,
driven by natural selection
Observation
Conclusion based on observation

21. On scratch paper write:
Your name.
What was your favorite part of biology so far (where did you take it?)
Thing you are most interested about in this class.
Why are you taking this class (prereq? general requirement…? Major..?)

22. Organizing life into categories
We sort organisms according to apparent similarities – homologies
Domains are the broadest categories
Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya
Kingdoms are the next broadest
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

23. More from 101 & 102 Emergent property✔ Biological Hierarchy✔
Natural Selection✔
Domain & Kingdom

24. Modern classification scheme
Three domains – do you remember them?
Bacteria - diverse prokaryotes
Archea - little studied prokaryotes, many live in extreme environments.
Eukarya - cells with nucleus and mitochondria
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Others... (protista)

25. eukaryotic cell!
prokaryotic cell!

26. Modern classification scheme
This term focus on the Eukarya (kingdoms?)
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Others... (protista)
We focus mostly on organisms with complex multicellularity…

27. Complex Multicellularity
cell specialization
different cells use different genes
different genes are activated during development
intercellular coordination
the adjustment of a cell’s activity in response to what other cells are doing
the cells of all complex multicellular organisms communicate with one another
Plants & Animals (and many fungi) are like this

28. Where do they get their energy?
How do these organisms get the energy and materials (molecules) they need?
Where do they get their energy?
Chemo vs. photo
Where do they get their nutrients?
Hetero vs. auto

29. Different kingdoms are distinguished by… Modes of nutrition
Plants – photosynthesis = photoautotrophs
Fungi – absorptive chemoheterotrophs
Animals – ingestive chemoheterotrophs
Often people will just say autotroph or heterotroph.

30. Different kingdoms are distinguished by… Reproductive strategy
The kingdoms have different strategies for sexual reproduction
All alternate meiosis & fertilization
what do those terms mean?

31. Life Cycle Terminology:
Haploid v. Diploid
Meiosis
Mitosis
Fertilization
Gametes
Lets look at the animal life cycle…

32. Specialized reproductive cells (gametes) are haploid.
Fig. 10.4
Specialized reproductive cells (gametes) are haploid.
But they are made from diploid cells – the process that does this is called meiosis

33. Haploid gametes then join together
Fig. 10.4
Haploid gametes then join together
This is called Fertilization & it produces a new organism that is a genetic mix of both parents!

34. Animal sexual reproduction:
The main stage is a multicellular diploid organism
Meiosis produces haploid gametes
Fertilization immediately follows meiosis

35. What is an animal? Six criteria, together, create definition.
Animals are multicellular eukaryotes.
Animals are chemoheterotrophic
They must take in preformed organic molecules through ingestion, eating other organisms or organic material that is decomposing.

36. (3) Animal cells lack cell walls
The bodies of animals are held together with extracellular proteins, especially collagen.
Other structural proteins create several types of intercellular junctions that hold tissues together.
(4) Animals have two unique types of tissues: nervous tissue for impulse conduction and muscle tissue for movement. These allow them to respond rapidly to the environment.

37. (5) Most animals reproduce sexually
In most, a small flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile egg to make a zygote
The zygote undergoes cleavage (mitosis), forming a hollow ball of cells called the blastula.

38. (6) Animals are motile:
Almost all animals have a motile stage of their life cycle. Sometimes this is a larval stage.
Some animals develop directly through transient stages into adults (mammals), but others have distinct larval stages (many insects).

39. Subcategories of Animals:
The animal kingdom has many subdivisions we focus on a few:
Chrodates - including all the vertebrate animals (those with a backbone).
Arthropods - including the insects & crustaceans