1. EPA Infrastructure Pvt. Limited
Soil Stabilization
B-267/268, North Ex Mall, Sector 9, Rohini,
New Delhi   Tel No:  /52/56 

2. Soil Stabilization
Stabilization in a broad sense incorporates the various methods employed for modifying the properties of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Stabilization is being used for a variety of engineering works, the most common application being in the construction of road and airfield pavements, where the main objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the construction cost by making best use of locally available materials.

3. Types of soil stabalization
In-situ stabilization -
Deep Mixing Method
Wet Mixing
Dry Mixing
Ex-situ stabilization

4. In-Situ Methods
The method involves on site soil improvement by applying stabilizing agent without removing the bulk soil. This technology offer benefit of improving soils for deep foundations, shallow foundations and contaminated sites. The technology can be accomplished by injecting into soils a cementitious material such cement and lime in dry or wet forms.
The choice to either use dry or wet deep mixing methods depend among other things; the in-situ soil conditions, in situ moisture contents, effectiveness of binders to be used, and the nature of construction to be founded.
Depending on the depth of treatment, the in situ stabilization may be regarded as either deep mixing method or mass stabilization.

5. Deep Mixing Method
The deep mixing method involves the stabilization of soils at large depth. It is an in situ ground modification technology in which a wet or dry binder is injected into the ground and blended with in situ soft soils (clay, peat or organic soils) by mechanical or rotary mixing tool. The aim is to produce the stabilized soil mass which may interact with natural soil and not, to produce too stiffly stabilized soil mass like a rigid pile which may independently carry out the design load.
Depending on applications, the following patterns may be produced, single patterns, block patterns, panel pattern or stabilized grid pattern.

6. Wet Mixing
Applications of wet deep mixing involve binder turned into slurry form, which is then injected into the soil through the nozzles located at the end of the soil auger.
The method uses a crawler-mounted, chainsaw-like mixing tool to blend in-situ soil with cementitious binder to create the soil-cement wall. It further consists of a fixed post on which cutting, scratching teeth ride on a rotating chain and injection ports deliver grout into treatment zone. Wall depths up to 45 m having width between 0.5 m and 0.9 m are achievable. The wall quality for groundwater barrier is high with permeability between 1 x 10-6 and 1 x 10-8 cm/s.

7. Dry Mixing
Dry mixing (DM) method is clean, quiet with very low vibration and produces no spoil for disposal. It has for many years extensively used in Northern Europe and Japan.
The method involves the use of dry binders injected into the soil and thoroughly mixed with moist soil. The soil is premixed using specialized tool during downward penetration, until it reaches the desired depth. During withdrawal of the mixing tool, dry binder are then injected and mixed with premixed soil leaving behind a moist soil mix column.

8. Mass Stabilization
Mass stabilization is a shallow to deep stabilization method in which the entire volume of soft soil can be stabilized to a prescribed depth. The technique is relatively new and is highly suited for the stabilization of high moisture content such as clay, silty, organic soils and contaminated sediments.
Mass stabilization offers a cost effective solution to ground improvement in site 28 remediation especially with a huge amount of contaminants and high water content. Remediation of most deposits of contaminated dredged sediments, organic so ilsand waste sludge usually make use mass stabilization method. The method provides an alternative to traditional method of soil improvement such as removal and replaces techniques.

9. Ex-Situ Method
The technology involves dislodging of the soils and or sediments from the original position and moves to other place for the purpose of amendment.
The main objectives of dredging can be either for amending the contaminated sediments to reduce toxicity and mobility or to maintain or deepen navigation channels for the safe passage of ships and boats. Offsite treatment of the sediment can be done in confined disposal facilities (CDF) and then be used or disposed at designated site. Method of removal, means of transportation, availability of treatment location, disposal site or demand for reuse is key factors to consider when planning for ex-situ stabilization.

10. Thank You