2. When Human Digestive System becomes A luxury tour is waiting for U Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© Disneyland…

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5. DAY1: MOUTH - Function: storage of food while you chew it. -The place where saliva is mixed with food. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

6. DAY1: LIPS Function: -hold food in the oral cavity - help direct food onto the teeth Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

7. DAY1: TEETH Function: -breaking down food into smaller pieces -directs food onto teeth - pushes chewed food to the pharynx Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

8. DAY1: Tongue Function: - directs food into the esophagus Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

9. DAY1: SALIVARY GLANDS Function: -Produce saliva - saliva moistens food, and contains enzymes that begin the chemical digestion of carbohydrates Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

10. DAY2: PHARYNX Function: - oral and nasal cavities join - swallowing occurs Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

11. DAY2: EPIGLOTTIS Function: - closes off the opening of the trachea when you swallow food - keeps food from entering the air passage Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

12. DAY2: ESOPHAGUS Function: - food moves down the esophagus due to the process of peristalsis: a rhythmical contraction of the muscles in the esophageal wall Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

13. DAY2: PARISTALSIS Function: -Smooth muscle lining the esophageal wall pushes food down - occurs along the intestinal tract Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

14. -It has an inner circular and the outer longitudinal muscles. Both these layers facilitate the movement of food along the alimentary canal. The mucous coat keeps the passage smooth and mixes the food with mucus. The muscle layer by periodic contraction and expansion moves the food along the canal. This movement is called peristalsis. DAY2: PARISTALSIS Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

15. DAY3: STOMACH Function: - stores and churns food - churning helps physical digestion of food - product of churning: acid chyme - chemical digestion of proteins begins here - gastric juice: hydrochloric acid is formed in stomach - HCl （ acidic pH ） can burn the lining of the stomach, so mucous is produced to protect the stomach lining HCl changes pepsinogen into pepsin for digestion of protein. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

16. DAY3: STOMACH (Cardiac sphincter) Function: -closes off the top of the stomach - Keeps stomach acid from entering the esophagus Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

17. DAY3: STOMACH (pyloric sphincter) Function: -Closes off the bottom of the stomach - allows small amounts of chyme to enter the intestine Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

18. DAY3: DUODENUM Function: - enzymes from the pancreas enter and help the chemical digestions of proteins, fats and carbohydrates - adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral （ pH ） environment. - bile enters the duodenum from the gall bladder and emulsifies fats Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

19. DAY3: PANCREAS Function: - produces digestive enzymes (pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase) and sodium bicarbonate - sodium bicarbonate helps neutralize the acid chyme Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

20. DAY3: PANCREAS - Essential organ towards human body -The pancreas is called both an exocrine and an endocrine organ. - Exocrine: produces some enzymatic substances (pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase) - Endocrine: produces hormones (glucagon, insulin* liver page) - Pancreatic Juice is formed in the pancreas (secreted into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct)

21. DAY4: GALL BLADDER Function: - stores bile Bile: breaks fat down into small fat droplets in the duodenum Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

22. DAY4: LIVER Function: - produces bile - destroys old red blood cells and converts hemoglobin to a product in bile - stores glucose as glycogen after eating, and breaks down glycogen to glucose between eating to help maintain glucose level of blood - produces urea from the breakdown of essential amino acid - makes blood proteins from amino acid -Detoxifies the blood by metabolizing poisonous substances Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

23. DAY4: LIVER Connection with insulin: -Insulin secreted when blood sugar concentration is high - it causes liver and muscles to take up and store excess glucose as glycogen - also promotes synthesis of protein and fats BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

24. DAY5: SMALL INTESTINE Function: - site of absorption of nutrients through the villi - next page Villi part Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

25. DAY5: SMALL INTESTINE Villi: - tiny finger-like projections along the walls -the villi have their microvilli - each villus (singular) have small blood vessels and a small vessel called a lacteal - lacteal absorbs fluids and returns it to the veins - sugars and amino acids enter the blood vessels and travel to the liver - glycerol and fatty acids enter the lacteals which will go back into the bloodstream later at the subclavian veins - villi and microvilli greatly increase the surface area of the interior of the small intestine

26. The mesentery proper (i.e. the original definition) refers to the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. DAY5: SMALL INTESTINE Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

27. DAY5: APPENDIX Function: - junction of the small and large intestine - No known function in humans Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

28. DAY6: LARGE INTESTINE (colon) Function: - responsible for absorption of water from undigested food 4 PARTS OF COLON: 1.Ascending colon 2. transverse colon 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©

29. DAY6: LARGE INTESTINE (colon) Absorption in the colon: -Main function: absorption of water (some vitamins may also be absorbed) -Contains a large population of E.Coli bateria which consume any substances that were not digested earlier - when the bacteria break down these substances, they give off odorous molecules that cause the characteristic odor of feces. BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

30. DAY7: ELIMINATION (RECTUM+AUNS) Elimination: Undigested food exit the body by the process of elimination (defecation) Function: 1.Rectum - enlarged portion of the colon - stores undigested food temporarily 2. Anus - allow undigested wastes to exit the body Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

31. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© Mechanical digestion (physical digestion): -Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces - increases surface area so enzymes can work on them Chemical digestion: -Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes These two processes reduce food to small soluble molecules that can be absorbed. BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

32. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© Function of enzymes BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

33. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© 1.Salivary Amylase - enzymes in saliva - acts on starch to break it into many molecules of maltose - maltose if later broken down in the system to glucose 2. Pancreatic Amylase - acts on starch to convert it to maltose - occurs in the duodenum but produced by the pancreas BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

34. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© Function: break down proteins to peptides 1.Pepsin: - produced by the gastric glands of the stomach 2. Trypsin: - produced by the peptides BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

35. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© Function: breaks down fat droplets into glycerol and three fatty acids -Lipase is produced by pancreas. *Bile: -Produced by the liver -Stored in the gall bladder BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

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39. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© 1.Which enzyme is used to break down proteins? 2. What does the enzyme trypsin produced? 3. What organ is responsible for the production of glucagon? 4. Describe the function of bile. 5. Where are E.Coli found? BACK TO THE TAG PAGE

40. Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency© READ AGAIN

41. Bibliography 1.Handouts from Mr. Heard 2. Power point from Mr. Heard 3.http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/dige stive/early/mouth.htmlhttp://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/dige stive/early/mouth.html 4. http://www.web- books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Di gestive/Digestive.htmhttp://www.web- books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Di gestive/Digestive.htm 5.http://www.healinglightseries.com/tutorialdig estion.htmlhttp://www.healinglightseries.com/tutorialdig estion.html 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesentery 7.http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/s cience-ii/nutrition/alimentary-canal.php#http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/s cience-ii/nutrition/alimentary-canal.php# Duodenum Dynamics Ad Agency©