1. Absolute Monarchs & the Divine Right

2. A. Charles V (H.R.E.)
Charles V attempts to unify Europe under the H.R.E.
founder of the Habsburg dynasty of Austria (also inherits throne of Spain)
single minded purpose: prevent expansion of Islam by the Ottoman Empire into Europe
Ottomans defeated in 1529, yet failed to unify Europe
“Wars of Religion” spread
- Peace of Augsburg (1555): gives German princes right to decide whether Catholic or Lutheran

3. Charles V & Henrietta Maria
Habsburg coat of arms

4. B. Religious Policies
Spain: “Spanish Inquisition” against Jews, Muslims, & Protestants
France: Prince Henry IV (started Bourbon dynasty) converts from a Huguenot to Catholicism
- revokes Edict of Nantes (France Catholic & NO religious toleration)

5. Saint Bartholemew’s Day Massacre,
August
Slaughter of some 3,000 Protestants (Huguenots)
in Paris, more than 2,000 elsewhere in France

6. England: Henry VIII (started Tudor dynasty) creates Church of England in order to divorce 1st wife Catherine of Aragon for not bearing a male son…Anglican Church created
Catherine of Aragon:
daughter—Mary
Anne Boleyn
daughter—Elizabeth
Jane Seymour
son—Edward
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr

7. Portrait, Henry VIII of England

8. C. English Civil War
Elizabeth I (the “Virgin” Queen) dies without an heir to the throne
Elizabeth’s cousin King James I starts Stuart dynasty
James espoused the “divine right of kings” (to take power from Parliament)
“Kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God’s throne, but by God himself they are called Gods…I will not be content that my power be disputed upon.”

9. Causes of the Civil War:
the Puritans were alienated by James’ defense of the Anglican church
large part of House of Commons was controlled by Puritans
James I dies, his son Charles I becomes king
- Charles I asserts more absolute authority & Parliament refuses to approve tax requests
- Charles dissolves Parliament

10. Civil War:
a “Rump” Parliament orders Charles I beheaded in 1649…his son flees to France
led by Oliver Cromwell the “Roundhead” army defeats the royal army of the Cavaliers
Cromwell names himself “Lord Protector” & institutes strict Puritan law…gets executed
Charles II (“Merry” Monarch) invited back to England

11. The “Glorious” Revolution of 1688
death of Charles II: James II favors Catholicism so Parliament chooses their own king:
--Mary Queen of Scots & husband William of Orange
clear limits are placed on power of King with the English Bill of Rights (constitutional monarchy)

12. D. Louis XIV: The “Sun” King (r. 1643-1715)

13. Goal: centralize power (policy of “raison d’etat”) by using intendants: royal civil servants
“L’etat c’est moi”
Economics: mercantilism of Colbert
Nation’s strength = wealth in gold (bullion)
make France self-sufficient (no outflow of gold then)
acquired Canada & Louisiana (colonies)
Palace of Versailles
1. nobles forced to move to palace
financial drain

14. Chateau of Versailles, Palace of Louis XIV

15. Aerial View of Versailles (Contemporary)

17. “Hall of Mirrors” at the palace of Versailles

18. E. The Thirty Years’ War
conflict between Protestants & Catholics in the H.R.E.
also a Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry
ended by Peace of Westphalia (1648): new political unit in central Europe, a sovereign state

19. Reformation in Europe after
Thirty Years’ War ( )

20. F. War of the Spanish Succession:
NO king of Spain…so Louis XIV’s grandson Phillip becomes king of Spain
Upset the Balance of Power:
England, Austria, & Prussia unite against France
3. Peter the Great of Russia (r ) begins modernization & absolutism campaign focusing on Europe more than Asia

21. Peter the Great, Russia