1. RADIO AIDS & NAVIGATION RAN 2204 LECTURE 2: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

2. Keywords Radio WaveRadio Wave WavelengthWavelength AmplitudeAmplitude FrequencyFrequency Communication SystemCommunication System Transmission SystemTransmission System Receiver SystemReceiver System SignalSignal Electronic EquipmentElectronic Equipment

3. History of Communication Communication was the first requirement for controlling aircraft traffic. Broadcasting starts in US in 1920 with the invention of RADIO TRANSMITTING EQUIPMENT that capable of transmitting voice and music.

4. Radio Transmitting Equipment The transmitter is the device or installation used to generate and transmit ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES carrying messages or signals, especially those of radio or television. The receiver is the part that converts electrical signals into sounds. Example: receiver on radio or television converting broadcast signals into sound or images.

5. Communication Communication is a process of transmitting INFORMATION from one location to another MEDIUM is required for the delivery of the information to be exchanged

6. Medium for Communication For example : telephone and cable television –Medium for transmission signal is cable and fibre optics For aircraft or satellite –Medium transmission signal is AIR using ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

7. What is a Wave A wave is a disturbance that is produced repeatedly, & transfer energy. Often in the form of vibration & oscillation.

9. Frequency, f Frequency is the number of complete waves passing a given point per second. It is measured in Hertz. Relationship between frequency, speed and wavelength. Frequency f = c  is wavelength, c is speed of light c = 3  10 8 m/s in vacuum

10. Wavelength & Amplitude Wavelength is the distance a radio wave travels during one cycle. –Wavelength,  = speed of light, c frequency, f Amplitude is the strength, or width, of one wave; it decreases with distance from the transmitting site.

11. The shorter the wavelength The higher the frequency

12. What is Electromagnetic Wave Electromagnetic Wave = Electric wave + Magnetic Wave Electromagnetic wave are used to transmit information by wave motion. Both waves oscillate at the same frequency z x y Electric Field Magnetic Field Direction of Propagation

13. Examples of Electromagnetic Wave The types of radio wave including: Radio waves (for TV, radio, aircraft communication, radar) Microwaves Infrared radiation Light X-rays Gamma rays

14. Wavelength (Frequency)

15. What is RADIO WAVE Radio generally works on AIR waves moving across the ATMOSPHERE. Means that Radio Wave are everywhere. Radio waves are used to carry and to send message to each other. Radio waves are radiated energy, in free space, they travel in straight lines at the speed of light. Radio wave can reflect off of clouds or layers of the ionosphere, They also are relayed by satellites in space. They are used in standard broadcast radio and television, short-wave radio, navigation and air-traffic control. It is possible as Radio Wave can be sent over a very long distance.

16. IONOSPHERE Atmosphere Layers

17. Three of the atmosphere layers are: –Troposphere: earth’s surface to about 6.5 mi –Stratosphere: extends from the troposphere upwards for about 23 mi –Ionosphere: extends from the stratosphere upwards for about 250mi –Beyond this layer is free space

18. Earth Atmosphere Earth can cause radio wave to take path other than straight line Significant characteristics of earth –Conductor of electricity –Able to conduct low-frequency Conductor is a material or device that conducts heat or electricity.

19. Earth atmosphere Another conductor is also the ionosphere layer. Ionosphere is the layer of ionized gasses. Ionosphere layer can ct as reflector of radio waves.

20. Radio may be subjected to: As Radio Wave moving in air, They will subject to: 1.Reflection (pantulan/lantunan) 2.Refraction (biasan) 3.Diffraction (serakan,sebaran) 4.Attenuation (pengurangan)

21. Reflection Reflection is the change in direction of travel of a wave, due to hitting a reflective surface. This is the same characteristic displayed by a radio wave as it is reflected from the ionosphere

22. Refraction Refraction occurs when the radio waves go from one medium to another medium. Refract means change the direction of radio propagation of by causing them to travel at different speeds and at different direction along the wave front.

23. Diffraction Diffraction is the phenomenon which results in radio waves that normally travel in a straight line to bend around an obstacle. Direction of wave propagation Obstacle

24. Attenuation Attenuation is the loss of wave energy as it travels through a medium.Attenuation is the loss of wave energy as it travels through a medium. Or in short word the strength of the radio wave is reduced.Or in short word the strength of the radio wave is reduced.

25. Radio Propagation Radio propagation also can be said as the transmission of radio waves Depending upon the frequency of the radiated signal. Radio energy is most efficiently propagated by only one of the three main methods: Ground wave Space wave Sky waves

26. Transmission of Radio Waves

27. Ground Waves Ground Waves is the part of the transmitted radiation that follows the surface of the earth. There are two types of ground wave which are Direct & Ground reflected. Short distance radio transmissions including all UHF and VHF radio transmissions are by means of ground waves.

28. Sky Waves Sky Waves is the part of the transmitted radiation that is reflected or refracted from the ionosphere. The Ionized layers within this span have the ability to reflect high frequency radio waves. Sky wave is for long distance transmissions.

29. Space Waves Space Waves is the part of the transmitted radiation that does not follow the curvature of the earth.

30. Frequency of Radio Wave Frequency. Radio waves are classified according to their frequency; that is, the number of cycles that occur within 1 second. In radio communications the term Hertz (Hz) is equivalent to the term cycle. 1,000 Hz = 1 kHz = 1 Kilohertz (k=10^3) 1,000,000 Hz = 1 MHz = 1 Megahertz (M=10^6) 1,000,000,000 Hz = 1 GHz = 1 Gigahertz (G=10^9) 1,000,000,000,000 Hz = 1 THz = 1 Terahertz (T=10^12)

31. Radio Frequency (RF) Band SE

32. A. RADIO THEORY Table of Radio Frequencies DescriptionAbbreviationFrequencyWavelength Very Low Frequency VLF3 KHz - 30 KHz100,000m - 10,000m Low FrequencyLF30 KHz - 300 KHz10,000m - 1,000 Medium FrequencyMF300 KHz - 3 MHz1,000m - 100m High FrequencyHF3 MHz - 30 MHz100m - 10m Very High Frequency VHF30 MHz - 300 MHz10m - 1m Ultra High Frequency UHF300 MHz - 3 GHz1m - 0.10m Super High Frequency SHF3 GHz - 30 GHz0.10m - 0.01m Extremely High Frequency EHF30 GHz - 300 GHz0.01m - 0.001m

33. Frequency Bands Allocation of frequencies is done by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). 118-121.4 MHzAir Traffic Control 121.5Emergency 121.6 – 121.9 Airport Ground control 123.1Search And Rescue 123.675-128.8Air traffic control 128.825-132.0En Route 132.05-135.975Air traffic control

34. What is Interference Interference(disturbance)means the superposition of two or more waves from coherent(same) sources. There are a large number of users of radio communication How can these users coexist without interfering with each other? Radio communicators can operate without interfering by choosing different radio frequency Each frequency generated by electromagnetic waves modulated with information on carrier Each carrier are distinguished between each other and communication that takes places on one frequency do not interfere with each other

35. Modulating Radio Waves: AM vs. FM Two common ways to carry analog information with radio waves are: 1.Amplitude Modulation (AM)- In A.M. the amplitude of the carrier wave is made to vary in accordance with the audio frequency. Carries audio for T.V. Broadcasts 2.Frequency Modulation (FM), In F.M the Frequency of the carrier wave is made to vary in accordance with the Audio wave. Carries video for T.V. Broadcasts