1. Cell Energy: ATP, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Chapters 8 & 9

2. Energy for the Cell
ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate
3 major parts to ATP:
1. Adenine
Adenosine
2. Ribose (sugar)
3. Three phosphates

3. Adenosine Triphosphate

4. adenine
three phosphates
ribose

5. How is energy released from ATP?
Break a bond between 2nd & 3rd phosphates
This releases ENERGY to be used by cells!

6. 3rd phosphate is broken off

7. ATP breaking down to ADP and releasing ENERGY!

8. ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate
Only 2 phosphates instead of 3
ADP is recycled to make ATP [add a phosphate]
If ADP/ATP is not reused, we would eat 24/7 just to have enough energy!

9. ADP being recycled to create ATP once again.

10. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis = process trapping light energy to make GLUCOSE [chemical (food) energy]

11. 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 carbon dioxide 6 water
1 glucose
6 oxygen

12. Where does photosynthesis take place?
PLANTS only; in the LEAVES
In plant cell, inside CHLOROPLASTS

13. Chlorophyll = pigment that captures light energy from sun
found in THYLAKOID DISCS in chloroplasts

14. http://www. nicerweb. com/doc/class/bio100/Locked/media/ch06/DB06100

15. Why are Plants Green?
Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light EXCEPT for green.
Green wavelengths are REFLECTED most

16. Green wavelength
Green not absorbed so it gets reflected – that’s why plants look green!

17. Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases:
1. Light Dependent Reactions
2. Light Independent Reactions

18. Light DEPENDENT rxns (Occurs in thylakoids)
takes light energy to make ATP & NADPH (needed for light indep. rxns)
converts H2O to O2

19. Three Processes:
a. Electron transport chain (ETC)
1) light hits chlorophyll & energizes e-
2) e- move down a chain to make NADPH (a form of energy)

20. b. Photolysis = splits water to make oxygen , hydrogen ions & electrons (to replace e- used in ETC)
2H2O  4H+ + 4e- + 02

21. c. Chemiosmosis
moves H+ (made in photolysis) to stroma (space inside chloroplast) to make ATP

23. 2. Light INDEPENDENT Reactions (CALVIN CYCLE) = makes glucose from CO2 using NADPH & ATP made in light dep. rxns

24. a. Occurs in light or dark
b. Occurs in stroma
c. Glucose has 6 carbons & CO2 has only 1 carbon
Calvin cycle must go around 6 times to make 1 glucose

25. Light O2
Sugars
CO2
NADPH
ATP
ADP + P
NADP+
Chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle

26. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
= process that breaks down glucose to make ATP
occurs PLANT & ANIMAL cells

27. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP 1 glucose 6 oxygen 6 carbon dioxide
6 water

28. Glucose
Glycolysis
Oxygen present
No oxygen present
Aerobic Respiration
Fermentation

29. Glycolysis – breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid
occurs in cytoplasm
ANAEROBIC = does not require oxygen (can still occur if O2 present)

30. Makes : 4 ATP
Uses: 2 ATP
NET TOTAL: 2 ATP

31. A. Aerobic Respiration = breaks down glucose to make ATP when O2 is available
occurs in MITOCHONDRIA
2 major stages (after glycolysis)

32. 1) Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) – uses pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) to make ATP & CO2
occurs in MATRIX [space within mitochondria]
AEROBIC = requires oxygen
makes 2 ATP

33. 2) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – Makes H2O & ATP from O2 and H+
Occurs in CRISTAE (inner membrane)
AEROBIC
makes 34 ATP

34. 38 ATP! ENERGY MADE FROM AEROBIC RESPIRATION: Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle = 2 ATP
(Kreb’s Cycle)
ETC = 34 ATP
From 1 glucose
38 ATP!

35. Glucose Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
Mitochondrion

36. B. FERMENTATION (Anaerobic Respiration)
= breaks down glucose to make ATP when no O2 is available
begins after glycolysis

37. 2 major types:
1) Lactic acid fermentation –glucose breaks down to make lactic acid & CO2
makes 2 ATP (including glycolysis)

38. occurs in bacteria
[yogurt, cheese, etc.]
occurs in human muscle cells
[under heavy exercise, not enough O2 – lactic acid builds up in muscles & makes you sore]

39. 2) Ethyl alcohol fermentation –glucose breaks down to make ethyl alcohol & CO2
makes 2 ATP (including glycolysis)
occurs in yeast
[bread rises because CO2 bubbles formed in dough]