1. Nanodots Nanocurves Nano-lithography/machining Nanogrids ~10 nm Atomic Force Microscope + Near Field Optics (Grigoroporos, UC Berkeley) Manufacturing / Nano-Machining

2. Bio-System Cryo-Preservation Laser Surgery Adiabatic demagnetization technique Paramagnetic salt T = 10 -5 K blood laser cholesterol Blood vessel

3. Temperature (K) Heat Flux (W/cm 2 ) 100 1000 10000 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 Body Heat Earth Orbit Entry 100W Light Bulb Solar Heating Bipolar Chips (mid ‘90s) Logic Chips (mid ‘80s)  Processors (00’s) Thermal Management VLSI Nuclear Blast (1 Mt, 1 mile) Surface of Sun Rocket Nozzle local heat flux of 200-300 W/cm 2, today equivalent to that of 1 Mt nuclear blast at 1 mile from ground zero only one order of magnitude less than the sun Electrical & Electronics / Thermal Management

4. Electrical & Electronics / Cooling Techniques

5. Cover Condenser Insulation Compressor with Expansion Valve Insulation Evaporator CPU Package CPU Die Exploded View Refrigerant Electrical & Electronics / Micro Cooler

6. Solar Cell Loss + - resistive loss reflection loss recombination loss resistive loss loss p - type + + + + -- - - - n - type reflection loss sun recombination loss Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell

7.  high efficiency (40 %)  complex fabrication, high cost  indium scarcity GaInP 2 GaAs a-Ge Multi Junction Solar Cell Electrical & Electronics / Multi-junction Solar Cell

8.  any solar conditions  wide range of colors  utilize any shape or form  low efficiency transparent conductor counter electrode TiO 2 particle coated with dye molecule electrolyte - + anode cathode sun Electrical & Electronics / Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

9. 20202006200820102012201420162018 Year Market Size (Billion $) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Memory market Solar cell market 4.8% Growth rate 40% Growth rate 22 billion$ 88 billion$ 2015 Employment 1,840,000 CO 2 Saving 192 M ton Employment 780,000 CO 2 Saving 59 M ton Employment 271,000 CO 2 Saving 15 M ton Employment 74,000 CO 2 Saving 5 M ton 23% Growth rate Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Market Growth

10. Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Cost Breakdown

11. Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Research

12. Conventional light source - infrared heat radiation, convection LED source - dissipated into the fixture by conduction Electrical & Electronics / Light Sources

13.  only 5% of input used in visible light  most of energy wasted by heat and infra-red radiation  luminous efficiency : 10 ~ 20 lumen / Watt Incandescent Light Electrical & Electronics / Incandescent

14.  15% of input energy are used in visible light  no infra-red radiation  heat loss by conduction  most of heat from the defects in the chip  luminous efficiency : 20 ~ 50 lumen / Watt LED Electrical & Electronics / LED

15. Thermal Management in LED Advantages of LED  more light production per watt than incandescent bulbs  long life time (more than 20000 hrs ; incandescent bulbs at 2000 hrs) Disadvantages of LED  high price  temperature dependence - device failure - light quality Adequate cooling is required. Electrical & Electronics / LED

16. Process / Nanoparticle Control Principle (M. Choi, SNU)