2.  Emotional development through the first two years  The role of Temperament  Social bonds and Attachment

3. Ages When Emotions Emerge

4. Infant Emotional Development Anger  First expressed at around 6 months  Is healthy response to frustration Sadness  Appears in first months  Indicates withdrawal  Increase in stress hormones

5. Infant Emotional Development  Fear  Stranger wariness  Cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close  Separation anxiety  Tears, dismay, or anger occurs when a familiar caregiver leaves

6. Emotional Development Self-awareness: Person ' s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people. First 4 months: Infants have no sense of self and may see themselves as part of their mothers. 5 months: Infants begin to develop an awareness of themselves as separate from their mothers. 15-18 months: Self recognition

7. Self-Awareness Mirror Recognition  Classic experiment (M. Lewis & Brooks, 1978)  None of the babies younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2I0kwSua44 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2I0kwSua44 Who Is That?

8. Toddler Emotional Development New emotions Pride Shame Embarrassment Disgust Guilt

9. Brain Maturation and the Emotions Stress Impairs brain particularly in areas associated with emotions In highly stressful environment, babies (at 7 months) have higher cortisol levels in relation to challenges Brain scans of maltreated children show abnormal activation in response to stress and other emotions

10. Emotional Development Temperament  Inborn differences (genotype) between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation  Temperament is epigenetic, originating in the genes but affected by child-rearing practices

11. Temperament Three Dimensions  Effortful control  Negative mood  Surgency/exuberance

12. Temperament Do Babies' Temperaments Change? Sometimes…

13. Temperament Culture affects the outcomes of temperament! Shy temperament Collectivist Culture = Individualistic Culture =

14. Emotional Development Goodness of fit – Anxious children are more affected by their parents responses than easygoing children – Ineffective parenting combined with negative temperament can lead to poor life outcomes (antisocial, destructive children)

15. REVIEW

16. Hand-out

17. Emotional Development Big Five dimensions of personality – Childhood temperament is linked to parent genes and personality – Personality often assessed using five dimensions Do you know what these are?

18. Emotional Development  Cognitive Theory – forming schemas of self and relationships

19. Development of Social Bonds Synchrony  Coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FeT K7ZXmVI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FeT K7ZXmVI  Evolution  Humanism

20. Insights from Romania In early 1990s, thousands of children were adopted from Romanian orphanages. Many of these children displayed adverse outcomes.

21. Synchrony Conclusions  Parent's responsiveness to an infant aids psychological and biological development.  Infants' brains need social interaction to develop to their fullest.  Lessons in emotion endure longer than do intellectual ones.

22. Attachment  Involves lasting emotional bond that one person has with another  Begins to form in early infancy and influence a person's close relationships throughout life  Demonstrated through proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwxjfuPlArY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwxjfuPlArY  8 minutes

23. Attachment Types Secure attachment (50-70%)  Relationship in which infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. Insecure-avoidant attachment (10-20%)  Pattern of attachment in which infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.

24. Attachment Types Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (10-20%)  Pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion. Disorganized attachment (5-10%)  Type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return (highest cortisol levels)

25. Measuring Attachment Strange Situation  Laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' coming s and goings in an unfamiliar playroom. Key observed behaviors  Exploration of the toys. A secure toddler plays happily.  Reaction to the caregiver's departure. A secure toddler misses the caregiver.  Reaction to the caregiver's return. A secure toddler welcomes the caregiver's reappearance.

26. Development of Social Bonds: Patterns of Attachment

27. Development of Social Bonds: Predictors of Attachment Type

28. Symptoms of insecure attachment  low self esteem  needy, clingy  inability to deal with stress and adversity  lack of self-control  inability to develop and maintain friendships  antisocial attitudes and behaviors  aggression and violence  difficulty with genuine trust, intimacy, and affection  depression  apathy  susceptibility to chronic illness  repetition of cycle of maltreatment and attachment disorder in their own children when they reach adulthood.