2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 3B: EARTHQUAKES (Continued) Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

4. Italy has a long history of destructive earthquakes.

5. LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES

6. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

7. Disasters are caused by s ingle- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

8. THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen

9. THE REASONS ARE... When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.

10. THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.

11. THE REASONS ARE... The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

12. THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

13. TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

14. ITALY’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS QUAKE HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

15. UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS INTENSITY REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME VVIVIIVIIIIX 3530 25 20 15 10 5 0 MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING

16. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

17. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH- QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

18. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH- QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

19. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH- QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

20. SOME OF ITALY’S MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES M6.9 IRPINIA: NOVEMBER 23, 1980 M6.3 L’AQUILA: APRIL 6, 2009

21. EPICENTER: IRPINIA QUAKE

22. L’AQUILA EARTHQUAKE A Town of 70,000 M6.3 3:30 AM APRIL 6, 2009

25. VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS DAMAGED UNIVERSITY DORM COLLAPSES VULNERABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGED AT LEAST 200 DEAD AND 2,000 NJURED TENS OF THOUSANDS HOMELESS

26. L'AQUILA AND 26 TOWNS AND VILLAGES DEVASTATED

27. L'AQUILA: SITE EFFECTS FROM LOCATION IN OLD LAKE BED

28. ONNA: 3 MILES FROM L'AQUILA

29. ONNA

33. SANTA MARIA PAGANICA CHURCH

39. SEARCH AND RESCUE

43. EVACUEE ASLEEP IN CAR

44. EVACUATION CENTER: UNIVERSITY SPORTS CENTER

45. EVACUEES: STADIUM

46. EVACUEES HOUSED IN STADIUM

47. Many earthquake survivors had to be transported to Rome for surgery and/or treatment due to shortage of resources in the L’Aquila area

48. An Italian scientist claims to have predicted the earthquake on the basis of radon gas emissions from the fault zone. The Italian Government did not take any action because the technique is controversial.

49. THIS DISASTER EXPOSED POLICY FLAWS UN—PROTECTED UN—PREPARED UN--ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY

50. FACT: VILLAGE HOUSES WITH LITTLE OF NO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE COLLAPSED, INCREASINGING DEATHS AND INJURIES The 5 pm occurrence) instead of a 10 pm occurrence) likely reduced the number of deaths.

51. FACT: KNOWING WHERE THE SEISMICALLY ACTIVE FAULTS ARE AND BEING UNPREPARED FOR THE INEVITABLE EARTHQUAKES LEADS TO UNNECESSAY DISASTERS

52. FACT: EVEN THE WORLD’S BEST FIRST RESPONDERS, FIND THAT COLLAPSED BUILDINGS, IMPASSABLE ROADS, AFTERSHOCKS, and NIGHTFALL WILL SLOW SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS AND HINDER EMERGENCY RESPONSE

53. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT WILLING TO ACCEPT INTERNATIONAL AID "We would welcome help by any country," said Iran's parliament speaker, Ali Larijani, during his visit to the earthquake-stricken area on Tuesday, August 14th.

54. RED CRESCENT ASSETS DEPLOYED 1,100 Red Crescent workers were deployed with 44,000 food packages and 5,600 tents for survivors needing temporary shelter.

55. ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE BUT, EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!