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Emotions (Chapter 11) Second Lecture Outline: Emotions and culture Gender
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Two Factor Theory of Emotion Attributions are cognitive events that contribute to emotion E.g., Splash through puddle in car: Was it intentional? If so, anger is greater Expectations are important as well: Overachieving results in positive emotion, bronze vs. silver medal winners Physiological arousalCognitive Interpretation EMOTION
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Field Experiment Go on a blind date Before going, eat three chocolate bars They are full of caffeine and sugar: Results in a highly alert, physically, and emotionally aroused state You may also feel dizzy, ill How will you interpret this state? Is it attraction to the person you are with? Do they make you sick and queasy? Is it illness or anger? You make cognitive attributions about physiological states such as these
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Guilt and Shame John goes home to see his parents for the break, but comes back to Wolfville on Friday to have fun with friends Feels bad because parents were disappointed: Views behavior as bad John does not goes out with his friends because he feels so bad about himself His parents have made him feel ashamed of his behavior: Views self as bad John resents parents for making him feel bad, for putting him in such a bind You need a sense of self to feel guilt and shame as they are interpersonal emotions
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What is the adaptive function of fear? How is it displayed?
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Primary Emotions Primary emotions are common to all cultures Fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust Evidence Hard-wired, related to survival Universal facial expressions Common to all languages Common elicitors across culture, e.g., burning building threat elicits fear, pie in face is funny, bad smells such as ammonia elicits disgust
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Secondary emotions are influenced by culture Guilt and shame Culture gives us language for emotions There are norms in how emotionally expressive people are within a culture Display rules: Non-verbal signals of emotion E.g.: What does it mean to extend first and last fingers of hand and wave in the air? Body language, using hands to talk, what emotions do they indicate?
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Emotion and gender Men react more to provocation or interruption, physiological evidence supports this Men and women may differ in their attributions of emotions or what they think is important Power interruption during dinner vs. Superbowl Women can “read” emotional signals better Same sex expressions easier to read Familiar people easier to read than strangers How strong are the signals Less powerful person becomes better at reading cues to “fit in” with more powerful person
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More on Gender Traditional gender roles express less emotion Families vary in the degree of emotional expression, both positive and negative Situational dependence, e.g., anger expression towards inferior but not superior individuals Culture directs gender role behavior as well
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How do you assess emotional experience? Self Report/ Subjective Behavioral observations (face, actions) Physiological measurement [arousal, hormones, polygraph]
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