1. Review For Exam 2 School of Business Eastern Illinois University © Abdou Illia, Spring 2008 March 9, 2009)

2. Fundamentals of Data & Signals School of Business Eastern Illinois University

3. 3 Summary Questions 1. Distinguish between digital and analog signals in relation to noise. 2. Distinguish between digital and binary transmission 3. What is the difference between the bit rate and the baud rate? 9-10 12 16 in Fundamentals of Data & Signals Notes

4. 4 Bits and Baud n Baud Rate = Number of clock cycles/sec – In this example, 4 baud (not 4 bauds/second) – Note: Number of clock cycles, not actual line changes n Bit Rate = Number of bits/second – In this example, 8 bits/second n Bit Rate = Baud Rate * Bits per clock cycle 00 01 10 01 1 Second Possible Change Not Made

5. 5 Equations n # of states – 2 Bits per clock cycle = Number of possible states (Eq. 1) n Bit rate – Bit rate = Baud Rate * Bits per clock cycle (Eq. 2) n Exercise (See next slide)

6. 6 Exercise A) If a transmission line has a Baud rate of 10 000 baud, and if there are eight possible line states, what is the Bit rate? B) If you wish to send two bits per clock cycle, how many possible states must you have?

7. 7 Translation Devices n Source of Data versus Line Analog LineDigital Line Analog Device (e.g. Tel) Codec Digital Device (e.g. Computer) ModemDSU Translator Transmission Line Source of Data

8. Fundamentals of Data & Signals (Part 2) School of Business Eastern Illinois University

9. 9 Attenuation Overall gain or loss = -10 dB + 20dB - 15dB = -5dB n Attenuation = Loss of Signal Strength n Function of Distance and Friction within the Medium n If high signals get too weak, the receiver will not be able to detected it. n Decibel (dB) is a relative measure of signal loss or gain of strength. n dB = 10 log 10 (P2 / P1), Where P2 & P1 are ending and beginning power levels (in watt) (Figure 2-10 in textbook)

10. 10 Attenuation n A signal starts at a transmitter with 10 watts of power and arrived at a receiver with 5 watts of power. Calculate the loss of power in dB. 1. dB = 10 log 10 (P2 / P1) 2. dB = 10 log 10 (5/10) 3. dB = 10 log 10 (0.5) 4. dB = 10 (-0.3) 5. dB = -3 Q: What is the decibel loss of a signal that starts at 50 watts and experiences a 10-watt loss over a given section of cable ? Q: What is the decibel loss of a signal that loses half its power during the course of transmission ?

11. 11 Summary Questions 1. What is the main advantage of digital signals over analog signals in regards to noise? Answer: It’s easier to remove noise from digital signals (Slide #4 in Fundamentals of Data & Signals -continued) 2. What are the three main characteristics of signals ? Answer: Amplitude, Frequency and Phase 3. What is the bandwidth of a signal ? The spectrum? Bandwidth=absolute value of the difference between the maximum and the minimum frequencies Spectrum=Range of frequencies from minimum to maximum 4. (a) Name one technique for converting digital data into digital signals. (b) Name 3 techniques for converting digital data into analog signals 4a) NRZ-L or Differential Manchester. 4b) Amplitude modulation, Frequency modulation, Phase modulation

12. Conducted Media School of Business Eastern Illinois University

13. 13 Summary Questions n What does cross talk interference mean ? How can crosstalk interference be reduced ? If transmission wires are placed side by side, electromagnetic radiation is emitted by one wire and picked up by the other. Twisting pair of wire reduce crosstalk interference. n What categories of twisted pair are usually used in LANs ? Categories 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 n What are the advantages and disadvantages of STP compared to UTP ? Advantage: better level of isolation from interference. Disadvantage: cost n What is the main difference between Baseband coaxial cable and Broadband coaxial cable ? Baseband transmit digital signal in a single channel, whereas broadband uses multiple channels to transmit digital or analog signals. n What are the advantages of Optical fiber compared twisted pair and coaxial cable ? Speed, No significant noise, No interference, Long distance n Can you transmit video signal over twisted pair wire ? Explain Yes, you can (e.g. Digital Video Service or DVS). Noise used to be a limitating factor.

14. 14 Case study n The following figure shows a common situation in LANs. n Remember : – Using Category 5 UTP, the maximum segment length is 100 meters. – A wall jack is a passive device and does not regenerate a signal Cat 5-UTP Crossover cable

15. 15 Case study Cat 5-UTP Crossover cable n What kind of problem there will be if the distance between the Workstation and the Hub is more than 100 meters? What solution can be applied ? n If the cable that connects the workstation and the hub passes through a noisy environment (Heating or cooling mechanical room) what action could be taken to prevent interference?

16. 16 Case study Cat 5-UTP Crossover cable n If the needed data rate is higher than 100 Mbps, what are the possible solutions?

17. Wireless Media School of Business Eastern Illinois University

18. 18 Wireless Media n Use electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation for data transmission n Propagation through space, and indirectly, through solid objects n Many problems: Laptop Comm. Tower Shadow Zone Radio waves tend to bounce off objects. Receiver can receive 2 or more signals. Thick objects can block the direct path. So, Receiver will be in a Shadow zone where it cannot well receive. Insecure: Easier to “intercept” messages Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) from Other stations, Microwave ovens, etc Multipath Interference + Much more attenuation: Inverse Square law

19. 19 Wireless LAN (802.11 standard) Switch Client PC Server Wired LAN Access Point A Access Point B UTP Radio waves Handoff If mobile computer moves to another access point, it switches service to that access point Laptop MAC protocol: CSMA/CA+ACK 802.11 Frame 802.3 Frame n Typical physical typology: Point-to-Multipoint

20. 20 Summary Questions n a) Wireless transmission can experience propagation problems due to shadow zones and multipath interference. Explain. n b) Describe the elements in a typical 802.11 Wireless LAN. n c) What does handoff refer to? d) Explain how attenuation occurs in wireless communications: Inverse square law.

21. Local Area Networks School of Business Eastern Illinois University

22. 22 Servers n Single server Versus Multiple specialized Servers – Decision based on Cost, Optimization, Reliability, and Security n Optimization: – File servers need storage capacity and rapid access – Client/Server applications need very fast processors

23. 23 Print Server device n A Print Server device is basically: NIC + a parallel or USB port + Random Access Memory + Intelligence to receive data and commands from print queue manager program. n Note: Possible to connect printer directly to file server, but people might have to walk far to get their printout. Network printers have built-in NIC & print server hardware

24. 24 Summary Questions n What are the four factors to take into account in deciding how many servers to use to implement a LAN’s services? Answer: Optimization, reliability, security, cost n To what two devices does a print server connect? Answer: To a printer via a parallel or USB cable and to a hub/switch via UTP (or fiber optic cable in some case). n Where does a print job go when it leaves the client PC (not counting the hub or switch)? Answer: The print job first goes to a file server, which puts it in a print queue. n Do you have to use special printers for print service? Answer: You do not need special printers, because any printer with a parallel or USB cable could be connected to a print server. Network printers include integrated NIC. They can be used without a print server device.

25. 25 Ethernet standards Q: If a LAN is described as 10BaseT, list everything you know about that network.

26. 26 Summary Questions Answers are in Week8SummaryQuestionsS09.doc (Review section of course Website) Your organization has 12 employees, each with his or her own stand-alone PC running Windows 98. Each computer has a 10 Mbps NIC that could work with coaxial cable or twisted pair (see next slide) a) List all the additional hardware you would have to buy in order to install a 100BaseTX LAN. Be very sure that you list all the things the organization will have to buy. The organization wishes to use electronic mail, word processing, file sharing, and print sharing with four existing printers fed with parallel ports. b) How many ports should the hub or switch have? Explain.

27. 27 LAN Standards Workstation 2 Server 1 Workstation 1 Collection point Print Server Printer Answer the following three questions given the following network design. 1)If Workstation 1, the collection point, and the print server use CSMA/CD, but Server 1 uses a token passing method, Workstation 1 could successfully print a job assuming that the print queue manager program is installed on the server. TF 1)If the collection point is a multistation access unit, Workstation 1, Workstation 2, and Server 1 could communicate if they have a Token ring NIC. TF 1)If (a) the collection point is an Ethernet hub that operates at 10 Mbps, (b) Workstation 1 has an Ethernet NIC that sends/receives only at 100 Mbps, (c) and Server 1 has an auto-negotiating Ethernet NIC that sends/receives at 10/100 Mbps, then Server 1 could successfully transmit to the collection point. TF

28. 28 Automatic Inheritance of Access Rights n Assigning rights to user or group accounts in a directory n Rights are automatically inherited in lower-level directories

29. 29 Summary Questions 1. Directory Applications has subdirectories Databases and WordProcessings. The Network administrator assigns user Lee to the group Outer. The administrator assigns Outer the access rights R, S, and T in Directory Applications. (Don’t worry about the meaning of R, S, and T. They are simply types of rights.) The administrator assigns Outer the access rights S, U, and V in subdirectory Databases. a) What access rights does user Lee have in directory Applications? Explain. b) What access rights does user Lee have in directory Databases? Explain. c) What access rights does user Lee have in directory WordProcessings? Explain. Applications WordProcessings Databases

30. Disk Management School of Business Eastern Illinois University

31. 31 Summary Questions 1. On a W2003 system, the boot volume can be extended*TF 2. On a W2003 system, the system volume can be extended*TF 3. A volume formatted using NTFS could be extended, but a volume formatted using FAT cannot. TF

32. 32 Summary Questions n How much free space is needed on a basic disk to convert it to a dynamic disk? a.At least 1 MB b.At least 15 MB c.At least 10 MB n How many partitions can you put on a dynamic disk ? a.1 b.2 c.4 d.None n How many extended partitions can be on one basic disk?

33. 33 Summary Questions n You want to set up two disks so they are mirrored (RAID 1), but there is no option to do this in the Disk Management utility. What is the problem? a.Windows 2003 no longer supports mirroring. b.You are working with basic disks and need to convert them to dynamic disks. c.You must stripe the disk first d.The disks must contain over 2 GB to mirror them. n Which of the following is/are true about basic and dynamic disks? a.Dynamic disks can be partitioned, but basic disks cannot. b.Dynamic disks can be set as spanned volumes. c.Basic disks are formatted, but dynamic discs are not

34. 34 Summary Questions n You have created a RAID-5 volume that consists of seven 9-GB disks. How much disk space is usable to store files? a.54 GB b.62 GB c.60 GB n You are setting up a server for a customer service organization that needs fast access to its data, but that is not as concerned about how fast information is updated on disk. The organization wants fault tolerance for data storage. Which of the following options would you recommend? a.A spanned volume b.A stripped volume c.A RAID-5 volume