4.  A sudden tremor on the Earth’s surface.  Caused by movements deep inside the Earth.  Huge disaster- death, buildings collapse, roads cave in, trees fall, bridge break, fire due to the snapping of electric wires & floods due to the bursting of dams.  People live in tents after earthquakes.

6.  Study of earthquake is called seismology.  The instruments used to record the shaking of the land is called seismographs.  The intensity of an earthquake is measured from 1 to 10 on a Richter Scale.  Earthquakes of intensity 3 or less on a Richter Scale are of low intensity & intensity 6 or above is of high intensity.

7. Precautions to be taken  Run out of the building immediately. OR  Take shelter under a table  Do not enter any building even after the earthquake stops

9. 1. It damages crops, roads & buildings; affect electricity & water supply, transport & communication. 2. Shortage of food, drinking water & shelter. 3. Unhygienic conditions often lead to diseases

10. 1. TOo much of rain- Flash floods 2. Melting snow

11.  Floods also brings in new fertile soil ( advantage).  Assam, Bihar, UP & West Bengal are flood affected areas.

12.  Watch out for warnings of flood in the newspaper.  Prepare to move out of your house to a safer place on higher ground.  Build up your store of food, water & essential medicines.  High embankments should be constructed.  Afforestation- trees slow down the water current.

13.  A very strong wind accompanied by heavy rain.  Causes tidal waves in the sea – which cause flood in the coastal areas.  Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Gujarat & Maharshtra are often hit by cyclones. d

14.  Hot climate & very little rainfall causes shortage of water.  There is scarcity of food & water for both human beings & animals.  This condition is called famine.  There may be widespread diseases. (epidemic)

15.  Afforestation  Water harvesting  Dams on rivers

16. *A series of very high waves (1m-20m) *Created by some disturbances under the sea- under water earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslide.

17.  Govt. organizes relief work.  Several NGO’s are involved in helping people – RED CROSS SOCIETY, WHO, UNICEF etc.  It’s also the duty of the common people to extend help however possible.

18. Thank You NABANITA BARMAN