1. Climate Change: Past, Present, and Future Dr. Cameron Wake Climate Change Research Center Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space (EOS) University of New Hampshire 2006 Boston World Oil Conference 26 Oct 2006

2. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/

3. Petit et al., 1999 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

4. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

5. IPCC 2001 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

6. IPCC 2001 Projected (2100) IPCC 2001 - B1

7. http://www.giss.nasa.gov Global Temperature 1880-2005 (meteorological stations)

8. Time-series represents an aerially weighted average of data from 136 stations. Data from the NOAA-NCDC and Environment Canada Average Annual Temperature in NE US & CDN Maritimes 1900-2002 1.4 o F warming over 103 years 1.8 o F warming over 33 years

9. The temperature trend was calculated from a linear regression of annual average temperature for each station. Spatial Variation of Annual Temperature Trend 1970-2002

10. Average Winter Temperature in the NE US & CDN Maritimes 1900-2002 Time-series represents an aerially weighted average of data from 136 stations. Data from the NOAA-NCDC and Environment Canada 2.3 o F warming over 103 years 4.3 o F warming over 33 years

11. 4.3 o F Winter Temperature Increase from 1971-2002

12. Spatial Variation of Extreme Precipitation Trend 1970-2002 The extreme precipitation trend was calculated from a linear regression of number of events each year for each station.

13. Spatial Variation of Days with Snow on Ground 1970-2002 The snow on ground trend was calculated from a linear regression of annual total snow on ground days for each station.

14. Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA) Collaboration between UCS and 40 independent scientists Analytic Approach Assess projected changes in climate and potential impacts through 2100 under lower and higher scenarios of heat- trapping emissions. Geographic Scope Nine Northeast states, from Maine to Pennsylvania. Peer Review K. Hayhoe, C. Wake, et al., Climate Dynamics, in press BAMS, in review

15. Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenarios

16. Northeast Observed and Modeled Temperature

17. Northeast Observed and Modeled Precipitation

18. Northeast Observed and Modeled Extreme Temperature

19. Northeast Observed and Modeled Drought

20. Northeast Observed and Modeled Snow on Ground Days per Month

21. Higher emissions: 50% reduction in snow-covered days (shown here) Lower emissions: 25% reduction in snow-covered days Northeast Modeled Snow on Ground Days

22. Sea Level Rise These estimates do not include the potential for additional increases due to more rapid melting of major polar ice sheets. Higher: 8-33 inches Lower: 4-21 inches

23. Conclusions Climate is already changing across the Northeast Over the next few decades, similar changes expected under both emissions scenarios By mid-century, most changes are greater under the higher scenario By late-century, under the higher-emissions scenario: –Many changes are almost twice those seen under lower emissions, including: –winters warming by 8 -12  F and summers by 6 -14  F, with dramatic increases in extreme heat in cities.

24. Time For Action Individuals Institutions Citizens

25. Observed vs. Modeled Global Temperatures 1850-2000 From IPCC Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (http://www.ipcc.ch) (solar variations and volcanic activity)

26. Observed vs. Modeled Global Temperatures 1850-2000 From IPCC Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (http://www.ipcc.ch) (Greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols)

27. From IPCC Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (http://www.ipcc.ch) Observed vs. Modeled Global Temperatures 1850-2000

29. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I - I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. What path will we take to the future? Robert Frost