1. 10/23 Bellringer 5+ sentences When Franklin Roosevelt was 41, he was crippled by polio. His mother urged him to retire, but his wife persuaded him to return to public life. When Roosevelt decided to run for president, his opponents said his physical condition, among other things, made him unfit for the White House. Do you think that a person’s physical limitations have anything to do with how well he or she can govern? What qualities do you think makes a person fit to be president?

2. In the 1920s and 1930s, totalitarian dictators came to power Promise jobs, economic prosperity and pride in your country (nationalism) Controlled all aspects of the nation by getting rid of rivals, ending liberties, and using censorship & secret police

3. In Italy, Germany, and Spain, people turned to an extremely nationalist gov’t called fascism Fascist governments were controlled by dictators who demanded loyalty from citizens Fascists did not offer democracy and used one party to rule the nation Unlike Communists, fascists believed people could keep their property

4. Italy = Benito Mussolini Promised to: revive the economy, rebuild the military, and create a new Roman Empire Mussolini’s “march on Rome” The “Blackshirts”

5. Hitler’s Mein Kampf outlined his plans for Germany Germans were the “master race” German was running out of space and needed to take land in Europe - lebensraum (living space) The Treaty of Versailles was unfair and should be ignored Germany = Adolf Hitler & the Nazi Party Non-Aryans were inferior

6. In 1933, Hitler was elected chancellor (prime minister) of Germany

7. He created SS (military police) and the Gestapo (secret police) to eliminate rivals and control all aspects of Germany

8. In 1935, Hitler began limiting the rights of Jews 1938  Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) was a direct and violent attack on Jewish synagogues and businesses Nuremburg Laws  (1) German Jews are no longer citizens, (2) Jews could not marry anyone that is not Jewish, (3) Jews had to wear a yellow star

9. Japan = military dictatorship  Hideki Tojo (Emperor Hirohito) Japan wanted to expand into China for raw materials to help with industrialization

10. In the 1930s, Japan, Italy, and Germany began aggressively expanding in Africa, Asia, and Europe

11. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and mainland China in 1937

12. In 1935, Mussolini began his campaign to create an Italian Empire by invading Ethiopia Ethiopian soldiers defending their country from the Italian military The League of Nations condemned Japan and Italy but did nothing to stop the attacks in order to maintain world peace

13. The failure of the League of Nations to stop Italy or Japan, encouraged Hitler to expand Germany too 1936  Rhineland 1938  Austria 1938  Sudetenland 1939  Czechoslovakia

14. The League of Nations used appeasement to avoid war with Germany, Italy, and Japan Mussolini Hitler Chamberlain At the Munich Conference, 1938