1. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Drugs for the Treatment of Infections Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses

2. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Foundation Concepts Antimicrobial –Drugs used to treat microorganisms (Bacteria, fungi, or viruses). –Bacteria- single cell organism with rigid outer cell. Antibiotics, Antibacterial – Drugs used to treat bacterial infections.

3. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

4. Sulfonamides First effective antibiotic drugs developed Not the most effective agents Antibacterial agents / Anti-infective agrnts Bacteriostatic –Antagonist to para-aminobenzoic acid –Not effective on all bacteria Used to control urinary tract infections

5. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Sulfonamides Adverse Reactions –Dangerous Agranulocytosis – decrease in specific white blood cells Thrombocytopenia – decrease number of platelets Aplastic anemia – anemia deficient red blood cell production Leukopenia – decrease other white blood cells Stevens-Johnson Syndrome –Mild Anorexia Hypersensitivity Urticaria, pruritus, generalized skin eruptions, nausea, vomiting, chills, fever, stomatitis, burning sensation, pain, crystalluria.

6. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Natural Remedy Urinary tract infections second to only respiratory infection number of occurrences/year. Cranberry juice – –Prevent bacteria from adhering to walls of urinary tract. –Not a treatment for infections

7. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

8. Penicillins Discovered by Sir Arthur Fleming 1928 1941 clinical use started in England 4 groups –Natural penicillins: penicillin G and penicillin –Penicillinase-resistant penicillin: cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin. –Aminopenicillins: ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin. –Extended-spectrum penicillins, mezlocillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin.

9. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Drug Resistance Bacterial resistance- ability of bacteria to produce substances that inactivate or destroy penicillin like penicillinase. Major concern for overuse of antibiotics.

10. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Actions of Penicillin Prevent bacteria from using a substance necessary for maintenance of outer cell well –Bacteria swell, rupture and die. May be bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Culture and sensitivity test necessary to identify appropriate penicillin

11. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Use of Penicillin Bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. –Urinary tract infections –septicemia, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, gonorrhea, syphilis, pneumonia. Prophylaxis –Secondary infection following viral infection –Pre, post surgery or dental work.

12. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Penicillin Adverse Reactions –Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sore tongue or mouth, pain at injection. –Hypersensitivity Anaphylactic shock Skin rash, hives, sneezing, wheezing, pruritus –Superinfection –Hematopoietic changes Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, itching, Bronchospasm, laryngospasm, angioedema, hypotension, chills, fever, joint muscle pain, malaise

13. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin