1. World Politics in a New Era
Development

2. What Development Means
Developed and developing states have different views
The goals of development are constantly shifting
Measuring development is problematic
Example: China

3. Human and Social Development
The UN’s Millennium Development Goals for 2015
Poverty
Education
Gender equality
Child mortality
Maternal health
HIV/AIDs and other diseases
Environmental stability
International campaign to reduce the poorest countries’ debt burdens
G-8 leaders agreement at the 2005 Gleneagles

4. Civil Society and Development
Politically active, issue-organized public
Internationally civil society is comprised of NGOs, MNCs, and other nonstate actors
Domestically civil society includes all kinds of groups other than government itself
Several theories focus on the impact civil society has on development

5. Modernization Theory
Economic, political, and cultural conditions within states
LDCs will develop only by shedding their traditional social, political, and economic institutions
The fundamental obstacle to development is traditional culture
Trade is seen as the engine of growth

6. Modernization Theory Social impact
Demographic transition and urbanization
Views urbanization as an essential step in development
The city becomes the focus of the diffusion of new ideas, of science and technology, and of social mobility

7. Critiques of Modernization Theory
Questions concerning the duplication of earlier paths
Traditional social and political institutions are difficult to change
The theory is Eurocentric
The current international economic system is biased towards developed states

8. Political Development
Takes a more narrow view of development
Lack of consensus on which regime type is considered the most developed
Use of democratization as measure
Political rights and civil liberties
Political beliefs and values represent a social framework

9. Political Development
Almond and Verba (1963)
Individual’s behavior was socialized
Additional theories of political culture
Patterns of individual orientations (behavioralism)
Material interests and social class (materialism)
Culture as a consequence of rational decisions
Identity politics

10. Political Development
Ronald Inglehart
Link between economic development and democracy
Robert Putnam
Development of civil society
Amy Chua
Development leads to adjustments in political culture
Constructivists
Unified understanding and interpretation of politics among states’ elites
Political culture drives the process of development

11. Economic Development Dependency theory Systemic level of analysis
The structure of the world economy
Inherently biased against poor countries
Developing countries are dependent on exports of primary products
Economies are highly vulnerable to price fluctuations

12. Economic Development Dependency Theory Unequal terms of trade
Complaints against MNCs
MNCs avoid paying their share of taxes
Inappropriate technology transferred to the region
MNCs do not bring capital into LDCs
Control and manipulate the production of primary commodities
Creating a neocolonial situation

13. Economic Development Critiques of Dependency Theory
It has been proven false
The plight of primary product exporters may not be as bad as originally claimed
It ignores factors within the developing countries

14. Domestic-Economic Development Theories
Import-substitution Industrialization (ISI)
Encourages domestic production of goods traditionally imported
Export-led industrialization
Promotes industrialization through trade
The Washington Consensus
“Shock therapy”
Rapid economic growth followed for many but at certain costs
Sent many countries on a roller-coaster ride

15. Systemic-Domestics Structural adjustment programs (SAPs)
Focus of the World Bank
Intended to lower LDCs’ government debts
Failed to take into account domestic economic, social, and political concerns
Failed to consider the environmental impact of their policies
SAPs were replaced with the Comprehensive Development Framework

16. Development Today
The World Bank and the IMF have implemented “greener” policies
Institutions and states are turning to two factors:
Technology
Opportunities for economic and political development
Examples: mobile phones and the Green Revolution
Microfinance
Promotes development from the bottom up
Focuses on the poorest of the poor

17. Corruption versus Courage
Corruption stifles development
Institutionalized (Example: Russia)
Socialized (Example: Colombia)
Always comes down to the individual (Example: Mohamed Suharto)
Spans economics, politics, security, and human welfare