1. Cybergenetics Webinar January, 2015 Mark W Perlin, PhD, MD, PhD Cybergenetics, Pittsburgh, PA Cybergenetics © 2003-2015 How TrueAllele ® Works (Part 4) Genotype Database and DNA Investigation

2. DNA evidence Evidence Crime scene Reference Possible suspect Match genotype value x Single source items, from one individual

3. DNA database Evidence Genotype database Crime scene Reference Genotype database Possible suspect Upload Match Upload Gill P, Werrett D. Interpretation of DNA profiles using a computerised database. Electrophoresis. 1990;11:444-8.

4. DNA mixtures eye of newt toe of frog Double, double toil and trouble

5. Allele database is broken Evidence Allele database Reference Allele database Crime scene Possible suspect Upload Match Upload Unseparated mixtures

6. Allele database non-specificity spuriously hit fraction of database M.W. Perlin, "Investigative DNA databases that preserve identification information", American Academy of Forensic Sciences 64th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Feb 2012.

7. Genotype separation X1X1 X2X2 X3X3 contributor genotypes posterior probability

8. Genotype combination likelihood ratio gives match information posterior Qposterior S prior

9. Genotype paradigm 1 st separate mixtures into genotypes 2 nd combine genotypes into match statistics

10. Genotype database Evidence Genotype database Reference Genotype database + Crime scene Possible suspect Upload Match Upload Separated genotypes LR

11. Accurate match results 01020-30-20-10 +15-22 LR information from separated genotypes sensitivity (true +) specificity (true –) M.W. Perlin, "Investigative DNA databases that preserve identification information", American Academy of Forensic Sciences 64th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Feb 2012.

12. Evidence-to-evidence database Genotype database + Crime scene 1 Crime scene 2 Upload Match Upload Separated genotypes Evidence + Separated genotypes

13. Quality assurance database Evidence Genotype database Personnel Genotype database + Crime scene Lab & police Upload Match Upload Separated genotypes

14. Southampton rapist Stranger rape on New Year's Eve

15. DNA rape kit report The DNA profile contained limited information. A speculative search was done of the National DNA Database. The search found 13 profiles, 1 in the Hampshire area. Due to the low level and incomplete nature of the DNA profile, it is not suitable for routine statistical evaluation. A trace amount of semen detected on vaginal swabs was submitted for DNA profiling

16. Proper modeling uses all the data Quantitative peak heights at locus D21S11

17. Alternatives use less of the data Threshold Over threshold, peaks are labeled as allele events All-or-none allele peaks, each given equal status Under threshold, alleles vanish

18. How the computer thinks Consider every possible genotype solution Explain the peak pattern Better explanation has a higher likelihood One person's allele pair Another person's allele pair

19. Objective genotype determined solely from the DNA data. Never sees a comparison reference. Separated evidence genotype 12% 13% 14% 2% 12% 4% 21% 2% one contributor, at one locus

20. DNA match information Prob(evidence match) Prob(coincidental match) How much more does the suspect match the evidence than a random person? 5x 21% 4%

21. Match information at 10 loci

22. Is the suspect in the evidence? A match between the vaginal swabs and Stuart Ashley Burton is 17 thousand times more probable than coincidence.

23. Separating database hits Burton Other 40 log(LR)

24. Non-contributor distribution Mean = -2.7 Stdev = 1.5 log(LR)

25. Separating hits statistically non-contributor distribution 1 in a million 1 in a thousand Burton Other

26. DNA leads to conviction Mr. Burton pleaded guilty to the rape committed on January 1, 2014. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison. Defendant also convicted of having sex with 13 year old girl

27. Familial search child father X C + Separated evidence genotypes Match Relatives of reference genotypes

28. Missing persons Genotypes inferred from reference relatives person XS FM C1C2C3 + Separated evidence genotypes Match

29. Mass disasters Kinship genotypes X FM Victim remains genotypes Match + Personal effects genotypes

30. Database-driven workflow Upload plates of EPG data files Ask computer batched questions Computer gives genotype answers Database match directs analysis Perlin, M.W. and Miller, K. W. P. Kern County resolves the DNA mixture crisis. Forensic Magazine, 11(4):8-12, 2014.

31. Genotype vs allele database AttributeGenotypeAllele Mixturesseparatedthresholds Upload100%10% Recordsprobabilitylist Comparesgenotypesdata Comparisonlikelihood ratioinclusion Informationpreservesdiscards Outputmatchesleads Genetic locifewmany ($) False hitsfewmany ($) Missed hitsfewmany ($)

32. How TrueAllele Works perlin@cybgen.com http://www.cybgen.com/information/webinar/page.shtml Part 1, 16-Oct-2014 Genotype modeling and the likelihood ratio Part 2, 20-Nov-2014 Degraded DNA and allele dropout Part 3, 18-Dec-2014 Kinship, paternity and missing persons Part 4, 14-Jan-2015 Genotype database and DNA investigation