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Published byDenis Garrett Modified over 9 years ago
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The Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Agricultural Rev. brought about the Industrial Rev.
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I. The Agricultural Rev. Before 1600s = villagers given small land plots Also, had common lands for pastoralism 1600s = wealthy landholders bought up land Enclosed land w/fences or hedges Enclosure movement (Great Britain) Reached height = early 1800s Demand & prices rose on ag. products (1800s) Consequences of enclosures 1. forced small farmers out (became tenant farmers) 2. farmers experimented w/new methods
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Jethro Tull Original way of sowing seed = wasteful Created the seed drill (1701) Also, uprooted weeds Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townshend Developed crop rotation Wheat => turnips => barley => clover
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Jethro Wood Iron plow w/STANDARD PARTS New techniques & machines = expensive Demand for farm laborers decreased Moved to cities = LABOR FORCE for I.R.
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II. Factors of Production I.R. began in G.B. (had factors of production) LAND, CAPITAL, & LABOR! Land = all natural resources Coal & iron-ore Great harbors & rivers Capital = $ & goods (tools, machinery for production) Brits had $ = invest in new businesses Labor = industrial workers Growing pops & migration into cities
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Other reasons why G.B. = Overseas colonies Other overseas trade Govt. support for commerce British Empire: 1919
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III. The Textile Industry Cotton textile industry (first to mechanize) 1600s = Brit imported raw cotton, employed spinners & weavers (domestic system) Spinners = spun cotton into thread Weavers = wove thread into cloth
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A. New Inventions Improvement of the loom (weaving cloth) 1733: John Kay the flying shuttle Mechanized weaving
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1764: James Hargreaves the spinning jenny Mechanized spinning
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1769: Richard Awkwright Water frame – driven by water power Too big for cottage industry Opened spinning mill Leads to factory system
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B. Effects of Mechanization Demand for cotton increased Most came from U.S. BUT, cotton was not profitable (SEEDS!?) 1793: Eli Whitney – cotton gin
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IV. Steam Engines Water power = early I.R. (drawbacks?) Answer = STEAM! 1712: Thomas Newcomen – first steam engine 1760s: James Watt – patented modern steam engine (replaced water as power source)
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V. Transportation Roads were poor
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A. Roads & Canals John McAdam – developed the “macadam” roads Small stones topped a roadbed of larger stones Heavy wagons wouldn’t sink Private investors built roads “Turnpikes” = $$$
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Rivers = transportation Used canals w/locks
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B. Railroads & Steamboats 1814: George Stephenson Steam locomotives for miners 1825: world’s first RR line (27 mi.) Entrepreneurs invested in RRs From Liverpool to Manchester 1829: the Rocket won competition for locomotive 1830: Liverpool-Manchester RR opened (SUCCESS!)
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Effects of Locomotives: 1. spurred industrial growth Manufacturers could transport materials & finished products 2. created new jobs (RR workers & miners) 3. boosted England’s ag. & fishing industries 4. allowed rural people to take jobs in cities
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Robert Fulton Est. first inland steamboat service the Clermont (Hudson River 1807) 1838: the Great Western Samuel Cunard = the Cunard Line (1839) across Atlantic Ocean
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