1. The Origins of the Industrial Revolution

2. Agricultural Rev. brought about the Industrial Rev.

3. I. The Agricultural Rev. Before 1600s = villagers given small land plots  Also, had common lands for pastoralism 1600s = wealthy landholders bought up land  Enclosed land w/fences or hedges  Enclosure movement (Great Britain) Reached height = early 1800s Demand & prices rose on ag. products (1800s) Consequences of enclosures  1. forced small farmers out (became tenant farmers)  2. farmers experimented w/new methods

4. Jethro Tull  Original way of sowing seed = wasteful  Created the seed drill (1701)  Also, uprooted weeds Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townshend  Developed crop rotation Wheat => turnips => barley => clover

5. Jethro Wood  Iron plow w/STANDARD PARTS New techniques & machines = expensive Demand for farm laborers decreased  Moved to cities = LABOR FORCE for I.R.

6. II. Factors of Production I.R. began in G.B. (had factors of production)  LAND, CAPITAL, & LABOR! Land = all natural resources  Coal & iron-ore  Great harbors & rivers Capital = $ & goods (tools, machinery for production)  Brits had $ = invest in new businesses Labor = industrial workers  Growing pops & migration into cities

7. Other reasons why G.B. =  Overseas colonies  Other overseas trade  Govt. support for commerce British Empire: 1919

8. III. The Textile Industry Cotton textile industry (first to mechanize) 1600s = Brit imported raw cotton, employed spinners & weavers (domestic system)  Spinners = spun cotton into thread  Weavers = wove thread into cloth

9. A. New Inventions Improvement of the loom (weaving cloth) 1733: John Kay  the flying shuttle  Mechanized weaving

10. 1764: James Hargreaves  the spinning jenny  Mechanized spinning

11. 1769: Richard Awkwright  Water frame – driven by water power  Too big for cottage industry  Opened spinning mill Leads to factory system

12. B. Effects of Mechanization Demand for cotton increased Most came from U.S.  BUT, cotton was not profitable (SEEDS!?) 1793: Eli Whitney – cotton gin

13. IV. Steam Engines Water power = early I.R. (drawbacks?) Answer = STEAM! 1712: Thomas Newcomen – first steam engine 1760s: James Watt – patented modern steam engine (replaced water as power source)

14. V. Transportation Roads were poor

15. A. Roads & Canals John McAdam – developed the “macadam” roads  Small stones topped a roadbed of larger stones  Heavy wagons wouldn’t sink Private investors built roads  “Turnpikes” = $$$

16. Rivers = transportation  Used canals w/locks

17. B. Railroads & Steamboats 1814: George Stephenson  Steam locomotives for miners  1825: world’s first RR line (27 mi.) Entrepreneurs invested in RRs  From Liverpool to Manchester  1829: the Rocket won competition for locomotive  1830: Liverpool-Manchester RR opened (SUCCESS!)

19. Effects of Locomotives:  1. spurred industrial growth Manufacturers could transport materials & finished products  2. created new jobs (RR workers & miners)  3. boosted England’s ag. & fishing industries  4. allowed rural people to take jobs in cities

20. Robert Fulton  Est. first inland steamboat service  the Clermont (Hudson River 1807) 1838: the Great Western  Samuel Cunard = the Cunard Line (1839) across Atlantic Ocean