1. Industrial Revolution

2. Agriculture Spurs Industry
Farming methods improve—led by the Dutch
Seed Drill aided farmers
Deposits seeds in rows rather than scattering them around
Enclosures: process of taking over and consolidating land formerly held by peasant farmers
Increased farming profits
But forced many farmers to look for work—moved to the cities

3. Population Population increases More food leads to less disease
More food reduces the risk of people dying from starvation
More food leads to less disease
People are healthier
Advances in medicine slows the death rate

4. Technology Energy Revolution
James Watt developed the steam engine further
Powered by coal to pump water out of mines
Became a key source of power for the IR

5. Why England?? Natural Resources Capital
Natural ports and rivers
Rivers supply water power
Coal was plentiful—powered the steam engine
Capital
Mainly from years of the slave trade
Stable government supported economic growth
Britain built a strong navy to protect the empire, shipping, and overseas trade

6. Textile & Transportation Industry
Cottage Industry or Putting out system
Raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who wove it into cloth to use
Cotton Gin—Eli Whitney
Separated seeds from raw cotton at a fast rate
Increased cotton production
Factories develop
Private roads are built-- turnpikes
Canals
Steam locomotive
Railroads become preferred method of transportation

7. Social Impact Urbanization—people move from farms to cities
New social classes emerge
New middle class
Many farmers who moved to cities became a part of the working class or poor
Labor unions
Tenements—apartments
Labor unions arise
Religion—people found comfort in Methodism
Personal sense of faith to get through the day
Harsh working conditions
Mines
Factories
Long hours
Low pay
Dangerous working conditions
Disease spread rapidly
Women and children worked

8. New Ways of Thinking Laissez Faire Economics Thomas Malthus
Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations)
Thomas Malthus
Predicted population would outgrow the food supply
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism—idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
John Stuart Mill
Argued government was essential to keep order with its citizens

9. New Ways of Thinking
Socialism: public control of the means of operation
Factories, farms, railways, industry
Karl Marx: German philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto
Inevitable struggle between classes
This would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all means of production would be controlled by the community