2. Early Origins “ Cottage ” Industry or “ putting out ” system

3. The “ Putting-Out ” System

4. Advantages of the Putting-Out System Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes. – –Take advantage of winter months when farming was impossible. Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor. – –Easier to reduce the number of workers when the economy was bad. Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself. – –Peasants acquired future skills. Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth.

5. Disadvantage of the Putting-Out System??

6. Other Factors Population Density

7. Population Growth

8. Urbanization

10. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

11. British Mercantilism

12. The Growth of England ’ s Foreign Trade in the 18 th century

13. The Enclosure Movement

14. “ Enclosed ” Lands Today

15. More Enclosures

16. British Raw Materials

17. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

18. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

19. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] ù More powerful than water is coal. ù More powerful than wood is iron. ù Innovations make steel feasible. * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

20. A “ Puddling ” Furnace Horizontal and vertical cross- sections of a single puddling furnace. A. Fireplace grate; B. Firebricks; C. Cross binders; D. Fireplace; E. Work door; F. Hearth; G. Cast iron retaining plates

21. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

22. 18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners 185030 tons200, 000 miners 1880300 million tons500, 000 miners 1914250 million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914

23. Young Coal Miners

24. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

25. British Pig Iron Production

26. Richard Arkwright: “ Pioneer of the Factory System ” The “Water Frame”

27. Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. ) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

28. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850224, 000 looms>1 million workers

29. The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × 12-14 hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

30. Textile Factory Workers in England

31. Young “ Bobbin-Doffers ”

32. Jacquard ’ s Loom

33. Early Nineteenth Century Industrialization

35. John Kay ’ s “ Flying Shuttle ”

36. The Power Loom

37. James Watt ’ s Steam Engine

38. Steam Tractor

39. Steam Ship

40. An Early Steam Locomotive

41. Later Locomotives

42. The Impact of the Railroad

43. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

44. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

45. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

46. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

48. 19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

49. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

50. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

51. “ Upstairs ” / “ Downstairs ” Life

53. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of WorkerMale WagesFemale Wages under 112s 3d.2s. 4d. 11 - 164s. 1d.4s. 3d. 17 - 2110s. 2d.7s. 3d. 22 - 2617s. 2d.8s. 5d. 27 - 3120s. 4d.8s. 7d. 32 - 3622s. 8d.8s. 9d. 37 - 4121s. 7d.9s. 8d. 42 - 4620s. 3d.9s. 3d. 47 - 5116s. 7d.8s. 10d. 52 - 5616s. 4d.8s. 4d. 57 - 6113s. 6d.6s. 4d.

54. Industrial Staffordshire

55. The New Industrial City

56. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

57. Worker Housing in Manchester

58. Factory Workers at Home

59. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

60. The New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

61. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

62. Private Charities: The “ Lady Bountifuls ”

64. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

65. The Luddite Triangle

66. The Luddites

67. British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819

68. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Area of plug riots, 1842

69. The “ Peoples ’ Charter ” V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. × Votes for all men. × Equal electoral districts. × Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. × Payment for Members of Parliament. × Annual general elections. × The secret ballot.

70. The Chartists A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight. A female Chartist

71. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845  Give manufactures more outlets for their products.  Expand employment.  Lower the price of bread.  Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.  Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.  Promote international peace through trade contact.

73. Thomas Malthus × Population growth will outpace the food supply. × War, disease, or famine could control population. × The poor should have less children. × Food supply will then keep up with population.

74. David Ricardo × “Iron Law of Wages.” × When wages are high, workers have more children. × More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

75. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill × The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. × There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

76. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

78. Government Response k Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. k Sadler Commission to look into working conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor. k New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses. k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

80. By 1850 : Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent ùNortheast France. ùBelgium. ùThe Netherlands. ùWestern German states. ùNorthern Italy ùEast Germany  Saxony

81. Industrialization By 1850

82. Railroads on the Continent

83. European Industrial Production

84. Shares in World Trade: Leading European Nations

85. The Politics of Industrialization ù State ownership of some industries. ) RRs  Belgium & most of Germany. ù Tariffs  British Corn Laws. ù National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes. ) Bank of England. ) Bank of France. ù Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets. ù New legislation to: ) Establish limited liability. ) Create rules for the formation of corporations. ù Postal system. ù Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

86. Bibliographic Sources ) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwar t/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html ) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c- eight/primary.htm