2. Equity and Need © Allen C. Goodman, 2013

3. Remember the Trade-off Between Efficiency and Equity? They are not the same. We saw this in production. We’ll see this in consumption.

4. What’s the most cost-effective place? Thought experiment. Most cost effective place is where we get the highest mean score. Why? 10 30 20 Ed Harry 45 o We can draw a line with a slope of –1. This line gives us places with equal totals. Start with S = S E + S H = 10. S E +S H =10 S E +S H =20 S E +S H = max Mean = (0+10)/2 = 5 Mean = (8+8)/2 = 8 Mean = (20+0)/2 = 10 Highest mean! About 22/2

5. Let’s review Pareto Efficiency Context of trade. One can’t make oneself better off, without making someone else worse off. We usually do this with an exchange Edgeworth Box. Abner Belinda Abner’s Preferences Belinda’s Preferences Spam L-Surg

6. Let’s review Pareto Efficiency Start at Point A. Is this an Equilibrium? Abner Belinda No, they can trade (A trades spam; B trades surgery Belinda can be better off. A So can Abner. B L-Surg Spam LALA SASA SBSB LBLB

7. Let’s review Pareto Efficiency We can plot similar points, which we recognize as a “contract curve” Abner Belinda And so on. A B L-Surg Spam

8. Let’s review Pareto Efficiency We must recognize that point X is Pareto Optimal. Abner Belinda So is point Y. A B is a place where you have equity as defined by each person’s having the same amount of each good. Is this PO? L-Surg Spam X Y

9. Utility Possibility Frontier We can plot Abner’s utility against Belinda’s Utility. It is monotonically decreasing. Why do we draw it this way? Abner’s Utility Belinda’s Utility X´ Y´ What if we want a perfectly egalitarian society? Does equal utility mean equal allocations? What about a utility function favoring people like Belinda?

10. A Critique Fundamental Issue. How well does the model work? Recall that with Edgeworth Box, the 1 st Welfare Theorem says that markets will always get us to a Pareto Optimal allocation. Abner Belinda A B L-Surg Spam

11. Tom Rice argues: Looks at several assumptions, including: –Consumers have perfect information –Firms don’t have monopoly power –There are no externalities –Prices reflect resource scarcity One can argue numerous points –How bad is bad information. What about informed sources, care managers? –What causes monopoly power? Is it the market, or is it government actions? –In what way do externalities come in? Rice argues that lavishing resources on the rich will create a negative externality of “envy” by the poor. –Insurance (through moral hazard) impacts relative prices. Also, you have equity questions

12. Thoughts Rice wants us to think good thoughts about national health insurance proposals, arguing that they can address efficiency and fairness considerations at least as well as markets. Ultimate issue: Economic theory tells us that at best the ideal market can tie an ideal government, not that it can do better. The reverse is also true.