1. A bit of Biochemistry Chapter 2

2.  List the major chemical elements in cells.  Identify the function of the four major molecules or compounds in cells.  Explain the role of enzymes in cells.

5.  Formed by joining smaller molecules together.  Polymers have small sections joined together in long chains.

6.  Carbohydrates- provide energy  Lipids- protect, insulate, regulate  Proteins - build structure, transport oxygen, contract muscles, immunity ◦ Enzymes- proteins that speed up formation or breakdown of compounds.  Nucleic Acids- chemical code for all body parts, compounds, and functions

7.  Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Simple sugars called monosaccharides ◦ Fructose – C 6 H 12 O 6 ◦ Glucose ◦ Galactose  Disaccharides- made of two monosaccharides. ◦ Sucrose-

10.  Dehydration, or removing water builds disaccharides  Adding water Breaks  Disaccharides, and is called hydrolysis  Drink water when eating carbohydrates.

11.  Up to 4000 glucose units longs  Few side chains  Flour, Pasta, Potatoes, Cake

12.  Plant cellulose is found in plant cell walls, has links between parallel chains, which doesn’t let us digest it.  It passes through as fiber.

13.  Glycogen, sugar stored in animal tissues, but is not muscle. http://www.bi o.brandeis.edu /classes/bio18 /glycogen.gif

15.  The round head is phosphate and is polar  The tail is nonpolar fatty acids.

16.  Cause fats to mix with water as one end is polar and the other is non-polar.  Digestive bile emulsifies fats in the liver

17.  Have little Oxygen C 53 H 133 O 3  Fats- solid at room temperature  Oils- liquid at room temperature  Saturated fats- have tails with single bonds between carbon atoms  Unsaturated- have tails with double bonds between carbon atoms  Polyunsaturated- more than one double bond

19.  Necessary in small does in your brain ◦ Linolenic acid (ALA) ◦ Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ◦ Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Sources Salmon Sardines

23.  Make up hair, skin, nails, muscle, cartilage, hormones that regulate body processes  The order and type of amino acids determines the behavior or look of the protein

24.  Keratin- hair, nails  Collagen- support ligaments, tendons, skin  Enzymes- speed reactions, work at 37°C  Transport- Carriers in cell membrane, Hemoglobin transports Oxygen  Defense- antibodies fight infection by combining with antigens and prevent antigens from destroying cells.  Hormones- regulate growth, intercellular messengers, influence metabolism  Motion- actin and myosin contract muscles

27.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M568QP 1K3sM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M568QP 1K3sM

29.  Primary: order of amino acids  Secondary: Spiral or Pleated shapes due to hydrogen bonding  Tertiary: 3D shape due to hydrophilic or hydrophobic amino acids. Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen bonding.  Quaternary: 2 proteins associate together.

31.  Name ends in –ase ◦ DNA polymerase, Sucrase, Lipase  Enzyme is a protein shaped like a puzzle that will only fit a certain chemical. When the two attach, the Enzyme will either join two chemicals or split a chemical in two parts, then release it and do the same process with another chemical. ◦ Animation http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/a nimation__enzyme_action_and_the_hydrolysis_of_sucros e.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/a nimation__enzyme_action_and_the_hydrolysis_of_sucros e.html  Can change with temperature or pH level. ◦ Lab Enzyme in Potato on Hydrogen Peroxide in cold, room temp, and boiling temperatures.

32.  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

33.  Heat can change the shape of proteins  Vinegar + Milk  Curdling, Cheese  Heat coagulates egg white protein called albumin.  Alzheimers and Mad Cow Disease are result of proteins being changed in shape.

34.  They transmit our genetic traits from generation to generation, for all cells of the body

35. Parts of a cookie, where they go Parts of our muscles and Where our muscles go

36.  Made of a 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)  Nitrogen base (Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine or Uracil)  Phosphate