1. Human Communication THIRD EDITION ◄ Judy C. Pearson  Paul E. Nelson  Scott Titsworth  Lynn Harter ► C H A P T E R T W E L V E Source Credibility and Using Evidence McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. C H A P T E R ◄ 2 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Objectives Deliver a purposeful introduction Devise creative openings for your presentation Apply the principles of outlining Choose an outline that best fits your topic Use transitions and signposts Deliver an appropriate conclusion

3. C H A P T E R ◄ 3 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Introduction The opening of your presentation Five functions

4. C H A P T E R ◄ 4 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Introduction: Five Functions Gaining and maintaining audience attention –Involve your audience in your topic –Avoid being overly dramatic –Make sure the attention-getting strategy is related to your topic –Be wary of guests, animals and PowerPoint as attention getters

5. C H A P T E R ◄ 5 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Introduction: Five Functions Gaining and maintaining audience attention Arousing audience interest –Relate the topic to the audience

6. C H A P T E R ◄ 6 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Introduction: Five Functions Gaining and maintaining audience attention Arousing audience interest Stating the purpose or thesis –Audience members are more likely to learn and understand if your purpose is clear –May want to delay this function in persuasion

7. C H A P T E R ◄ 7 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Introduction: Five Functions Gaining and maintaining audience attention Arousing audience interest Stating the purpose or thesis Establishing your qualifications –Explain your credibility on this topic

8. C H A P T E R ◄ 8 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Introduction: Five Functions Gaining and maintaining audience attention Arousing audience interest Stating the purpose or thesis Establishing your qualifications Forecasting development and organization –Preview your main points

9. C H A P T E R ◄ 9 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Body The largest portion of the presentation Includes your arguments and ideas, substantiation and examples, proofs and illustrations You have to select, prioritize, and organize the materials in the body of your presentation

10. C H A P T E R ◄ 10 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functions of the Body To increase audience’s knowledge or change their attitudes or actions To present arguments and/or ideas To provide support for arguments and/or ideas To indicate the sources of your information, arguments, and supporting materials

11. C H A P T E R ◄ 11 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is an Outline? A written plan that uses symbols, margins, and content to reveal the order, importance, and substance of your speech

12. C H A P T E R ◄ 12 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Principles of Outlining Link outline to purpose Your outline is an abstract Each part is a single idea Your outline symbols signal importance Your outline margins signal importance Use parallel form

13. C H A P T E R ◄ 13 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Rough Draft A preliminary organization of the outline of a presentation Choose a limited number of ideas for main points See what materials you have to support these main points Organize your main points, sub- points, and supporting materials

14. C H A P T E R ◄ 14 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Benefits of Outlining Helps you formalize your ideas Helps you speak more clearly Helps you develop more advanced ideas for your speech Helps ESL speakers assure their ideas flow together

15. C H A P T E R ◄ 15 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is a Sentence Outline? An outline consisting entirely of complete sentences

16. C H A P T E R ◄ 16 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is a Key-Word Outline? An outline consisting of important words or phrases to remind the speaker of the content of the presentation

17. C H A P T E R ◄ 17 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational Patterns Time-Sequence Pattern Cause/Effect Pattern Problem/Solution Pattern Topical-Sequence Pattern

18. C H A P T E R ◄ 18 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Transitions –Bridge one section of a message to help a speaker move smoothly from one idea to another Transitions –Bridge one section of a message to help a speaker move smoothly from one idea to another “Now that we have seen why computers are coming down in cost, let us look next at why software is so expensive.”

19. C H A P T E R ◄ 19 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Transitions “I have explained that higher education is becoming more and more expensive. This bar graph will show exactly how expensive it has become over the past 5 years.”

20. C H A P T E R ◄ 20 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Transitions “You have heard that suntanning ages the skin, and I have shown pictures of a Buddhist monk and a nighttime bartender who hardly ever exposed themselves to direct sunlight. Now I want to show you a picture of a 35-year old woman who spent most of her life working in direct sunlight.”

21. C H A P T E R ◄ 21 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Signposts –Ways a presenter signals to an audience where the message is going Signposts –Ways a presenter signals to an audience where the message is going “First, I will illustrate…” “Look at this bar graph..” “A second idea is…” “Finally, we will…: “First, I will illustrate…” “Look at this bar graph..” “A second idea is…” “Finally, we will…:

22. C H A P T E R ◄ 22 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Conclusion: Four Functions Warn the audience the presentation is ending –The brakelight function Remind the audience of your central idea and main points Tell the audience what they should think or do End the speech in a memorable way

23. C H A P T E R ◄ 23 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Bibliography A list of sources used in a presentation Use a uniform style –APA –MLA –Chicago Manual of Style Designed to enable someone else to locate the material you used