1. Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Most are covalently bonded
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon
Tend to be simpler compounds
Example: H2O and CO2

2. Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
Most abundant inorganic compound
Vital properties
High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent properties
Chemical reactivity

3. Important Inorganic Compounds
Salts

4. pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral
pH below 7 = acidic
pH above 7 = basic
Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change
Figure 2.12

5. pH

6. pH

7. Carbohydrates Contain ________, _________, and ________
Classified according to size
Monosaccharides—simple sugars
Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

8. Carbohydrates
Figure 2.13a–b

9. Carbohydrates
Figure 2.14

10. Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
Figure 2.13c

11. Glycogen

12. Lipids Main Classifications Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water
Main Classifications
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

13. Triglycerides
Figure 2.15a

14. Phospholipids
Figure 2.15b

15. Steroids Cholesterol The basis for all steroids made in the body
Figure 2.15c

16. Proteins Made of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Amino acid structure
Figure 2.16

17. Proteins

18. Proteins Provide for construction materials for body tissues
Play vital roles in cell function
Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

19. Proteins Fibrous proteins Also known as structural proteins
Appear in body structures
Examples include collagen and keratin
Figure 2.17a

20. Proteins Globular proteins Also known as functional proteins
Function as antibodies or enzymes
Figure 2.17b

21. Proteins - Enzymes Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.18a

22. Enzymes
Animation: How Enzymes Work
Figure 2.18b

23. Nucleic Acids Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide bases
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA
Figure 2.19a

24. Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Organized by complementary bases to form double helix
Replicates before cell division
Provides instructions for every protein in the body
Figure 2.19c

25. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels (cellular respiration)
ATP can be used for transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work

26. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.20a

27. Figure 2.21 Membrane protein P P Solute Solute transported (a)
Transport work
ADP
ATP + P
Relaxed muscle cell
Contracted muscle cell
(b)
Mechanical work P X P X Y + Y
Reactants
Product made
(c)
Chemical work
Energy liberated during oxidation of food fuels used to regenerate ATP
Figure 2.21

28. Membrane protein P
Solute
(a)
Transport work
ATP
Figure 2.21, step 1

29. Figure 2.21, step 2 Membrane protein P P Solute Solute transported (a)
Transport work
ADP
ATP + P
Figure 2.21, step 2

30. ATP
Relaxed muscle cell
(b)
Mechanical work
Figure 2.21, step 3

31. Contracted muscle cell
ADP
ATP + P
Relaxed muscle cell
Contracted muscle cell
(b)
Mechanical work
Figure 2.21, step 4

32. ATP X P + Y
Reactants
(c)
Chemical work
Figure 2.21, step 5

33. Figure 2.21, step 6 ADP ATP + P P X P X Y + Y Reactants Product made
Chemical work
Figure 2.21, step 6

34. Contracted muscle cell
Membrane protein P P
Solute
Solute transported
(a)
Transport work
ADP
ATP + P
Relaxed muscle cell
Contracted muscle cell
(b)
Mechanical work P X P X Y + Y
Reactants
Product made
(c)
Chemical work
Figure 2.21, step 7

35. Figure 2.21, step 8 Membrane protein P P Solute Solute transported (a)
Transport work
ADP
ATP + P
Relaxed muscle cell
Contracted muscle cell
(b)
Mechanical work P X P X Y + Y
Reactants
Product made
(c)
Chemical work
Energy liberated during oxidation of food fuels used to regenerate ATP
Figure 2.21, step 8