1. Basic Inorganic Chemistry Leyton Prentice Whitney Rumsey Whitney Rumsey

2. Atoms Atoms are the smallest particle that retains its special properties. They are the building block of an element and are incapable of being divided.

3. Atomic Structure Atoms consist of a dense nucleus in their center (which is made up of protons and neutrons). Atoms consist of a dense nucleus in their center (which is made up of protons and neutrons). The nucleus is surrounded an electron cloud full of tiny, active electrons moving within their fixed orbital. The nucleus is surrounded an electron cloud full of tiny, active electrons moving within their fixed orbital. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negative, and neutrons are neutral. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negative, and neutrons are neutral.

4. Atomic Number Each atom has a set number of protons, neutrons, and electrons (at least to begin with). Each atom has a set number of protons, neutrons, and electrons (at least to begin with). The number of protons an atom contains is called the atomic number (this is also the number of electrons that the atom contains. The number of protons an atom contains is called the atomic number (this is also the number of electrons that the atom contains. Each element has a different atomic number and a difference of just one proton and electron completely changes the properties of the atom. Each element has a different atomic number and a difference of just one proton and electron completely changes the properties of the atom.

5. Atomic Mass Number Atomic Mass Number is the sum of the proton and neutron weight in the atom (electron are so tiny that their mass is ignored) Atomic Mass Number is the sum of the proton and neutron weight in the atom (electron are so tiny that their mass is ignored) Each proton/neutron has a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu) Each proton/neutron has a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu) Using the Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Number you can determine how many neutrons are in a particular atom Using the Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Number you can determine how many neutrons are in a particular atom

6. Isotopes Not all atoms of one element have the same Atomic Mass Number Not all atoms of one element have the same Atomic Mass Number Since ALL atoms within an element have the same number of protons and electrons, what does vary is the number of neutrons. Since ALL atoms within an element have the same number of protons and electrons, what does vary is the number of neutrons. These atoms are called Isotopes These atoms are called Isotopes Because of the variation in neutron count, not all atoms of an element have the same Atomic Mass Because of the variation in neutron count, not all atoms of an element have the same Atomic Mass The Atomic weight of an element takes into account the varying weight and also the frequency with which they appear The Atomic weight of an element takes into account the varying weight and also the frequency with which they appear The element hydrogen has atoms with three different atomic masses (1, 2, and 3). Therefore, Hydrogen’s Atomic weight is 1.0079 (showing that the hydrogen atom with an Atomic mass of 1 appears much more often than that of 2 or 3) The element hydrogen has atoms with three different atomic masses (1, 2, and 3). Therefore, Hydrogen’s Atomic weight is 1.0079 (showing that the hydrogen atom with an Atomic mass of 1 appears much more often than that of 2 or 3)

7. Bonds Bonds are formed when atoms unite chemically Bonds are formed when atoms unite chemically A bond is not an actual structure, but more of an energy relationship between the electrons of the atoms involved A bond is not an actual structure, but more of an energy relationship between the electrons of the atoms involved Around an atom, electron occupy fixed regions, which are called energy levels or shells Around an atom, electron occupy fixed regions, which are called energy levels or shells These levels surround the nucleus and are numbered from one to seven (not all atoms contain all 7) These levels surround the nucleus and are numbered from one to seven (not all atoms contain all 7) They electrons in the outermost levels usually react with other atoms because their own nucleus has less control over them They electrons in the outermost levels usually react with other atoms because their own nucleus has less control over them This outermost level is called the Valence Shell This outermost level is called the Valence Shell

8. Valence Electrons and Atom Stability The valence shell is special because its electrons determine the chemical behavior of the atom The valence shell is special because its electrons determine the chemical behavior of the atom The atom is “full” when it has 8 electrons in the valence shell The atom is “full” when it has 8 electrons in the valence shell The atom is then considered stable, and is then inactive The atom is then considered stable, and is then inactive All atoms are striving to be stable, so they will either lose, gain, or share their valence electrons to achieve a total of 8 All atoms are striving to be stable, so they will either lose, gain, or share their valence electrons to achieve a total of 8 Then this occurs, a chemical bond is formed Then this occurs, a chemical bond is formed

9. Ionic Bonds These are formed when electrons transfer from one atom to another These are formed when electrons transfer from one atom to another One loses to achieve 8, and one gains One loses to achieve 8, and one gains Since the original atoms have no charge, losing or gaining electrons (which are negative) affects the atoms overall charge Since the original atoms have no charge, losing or gaining electrons (which are negative) affects the atoms overall charge Gaining electrons makes an atom negative, while losing them makes it positive Gaining electrons makes an atom negative, while losing them makes it positive These unbalanced particles are called ions These unbalanced particles are called ions Negative ions are called anions, while positive ones are called cations Negative ions are called anions, while positive ones are called cations Once these newly formed particles are set loose, they tend to stick close together since the negative and positives attract Once these newly formed particles are set loose, they tend to stick close together since the negative and positives attract

10. Covalent Bonds These are formed when atoms share their electrons instead of losing or gaining These are formed when atoms share their electrons instead of losing or gaining The atoms usually share a pair of electron which then satisfy both of the atoms by giving them a total of 8 valence electrons The atoms usually share a pair of electron which then satisfy both of the atoms by giving them a total of 8 valence electrons The sharing atoms are linked together by a very strong chemical bond The sharing atoms are linked together by a very strong chemical bond The new particle is called a molecule The new particle is called a molecule When these bonds are formed, the molecule has a definite 3-d shape When these bonds are formed, the molecule has a definite 3-d shape

11. Polarity A covalent molecule’s shape plays a major role in its polarity A covalent molecule’s shape plays a major role in its polarity Polarity means whether an atom is polar or not (has a positively charged side and a negatively charged side) Polarity means whether an atom is polar or not (has a positively charged side and a negatively charged side) If the positive and negative values within the molecule are balanced equally across it, then the molecule is non-polar If the positive and negative values within the molecule are balanced equally across it, then the molecule is non-polar If the molecule’s structure is off balance, each end will have a definite charge If the molecule’s structure is off balance, each end will have a definite charge This is important because polar molecules tend to stick together This is important because polar molecules tend to stick together

12. Acids and Bases Acid- A compound that donates a proton or H+ ion. Also known as a substance that dissolves in H 2 O to produce hydrogen ions. Acid- A compound that donates a proton or H+ ion. Also known as a substance that dissolves in H 2 O to produce hydrogen ions. {EX. Vinegar, oranges, apples, paint,} {EX. Vinegar, oranges, apples, paint,} Base- A compound that accepts a proton or H+ ion Base- A compound that accepts a proton or H+ ion {bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 ) is an important base in the blood and is a fairly weak base.} {bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 ) is an important base in the blood and is a fairly weak base.}

13. Acids and Bases cont’ Acid- Base Titration Acid- Base Titration A procedure that determines the acidity or basicity of a solution by adding a controlled amount of a solution of know concentration to a measure amount of a solution of unknown concentration. A procedure that determines the acidity or basicity of a solution by adding a controlled amount of a solution of know concentration to a measure amount of a solution of unknown concentration.

14. pH basics pH- An acid-base concentration pH- An acid-base concentration The pH scale is based on the # of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale is based on the # of hydrogen ions in a solution. 1pH unit= 10 fold change in hydrogen concentration. 1pH unit= 10 fold change in hydrogen concentration.

15. pH basics “ A solution with a pH of 6 has 10 times as many hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH of 7.” “ A solution with a pH of 6 has 10 times as many hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH of 7.” pH of 3 =10,000 ( 10)(10)(10)(10 ) pH of 3 =10,000 ( 10)(10)(10)(10 ) The body is sensitive to changes in pH and homeostasis of an acid-base balance is regulated by the kidneys, lungs, and chemicals called buffers ( present in bodily fluids ) The body is sensitive to changes in pH and homeostasis of an acid-base balance is regulated by the kidneys, lungs, and chemicals called buffers ( present in bodily fluids ) Normal blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45 changes of more than a 10 th could cause death Normal blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45 changes of more than a 10 th could cause death

16. Salts and Solubility No not just edible salts but also the salts that are found in the body such as those containing calcium and phosphorus found in bones and teeth. No not just edible salts but also the salts that are found in the body such as those containing calcium and phosphorus found in bones and teeth. Salts are ionic compounds that break down into ions in bodily fluids. Salts are ionic compounds that break down into ions in bodily fluids. Salts in the ionic and in combination with other elements are essential to the functioning of the body. Salts in the ionic and in combination with other elements are essential to the functioning of the body. {Ex. Sodium and Potassium ions are essential for nerve impulses and iron will form to be part of the hemoglobin molecule which transports oxygen into the red blood cells.} {Ex. Sodium and Potassium ions are essential for nerve impulses and iron will form to be part of the hemoglobin molecule which transports oxygen into the red blood cells.}

17. Salts and Solubility cont’ Ions’ are charged particles, therefore, salts are electrolytes which means that they can conduct an electrical current in a solution.\ Ions’ are charged particles, therefore, salts are electrolytes which means that they can conduct an electrical current in a solution.\ Solubility is the amount of a solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions (such as heat, or solution). Solubility is the amount of a solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions (such as heat, or solution).

18. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy is measured by its effects on matter. Energy is measured by its effects on matter. There are two types of energy (Kinetic and Potential Energy). There are two types of energy (Kinetic and Potential Energy). There are also many different Forms of energy. (Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, and Radiant energy). There are also many different Forms of energy. (Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, and Radiant energy). There are also many other forms of energy such as thermal, Nuclear, gravitational, and sound. There are also many other forms of energy such as thermal, Nuclear, gravitational, and sound.

19. Chemical Energy Chemical Energy is energy that is stored in chemical bonds and molecules such as gas, and food. ( Therefore Chemical Energy is Potential Energy.) Chemical Energy is energy that is stored in chemical bonds and molecules such as gas, and food. ( Therefore Chemical Energy is Potential Energy.) When bonds are broken the energy is then released and turned into kinetic energy (or energy of motion). When bonds are broken the energy is then released and turned into kinetic energy (or energy of motion). In the body chemical energy of foods is trapped in the bones of a high energy molecule called ATP. In the body chemical energy of foods is trapped in the bones of a high energy molecule called ATP.

20. Chemical Energy cont’ An example of Chemical Energy: An example of Chemical Energy: When gas is put into your car the molecules (the particles the energy was holding together) break down in the engine and the energy that was released from the broken down bonds powers up the engine. When gas is put into your car the molecules (the particles the energy was holding together) break down in the engine and the energy that was released from the broken down bonds powers up the engine.

21. Electrical Energy Electrical Energy is a result of movement between charged particles. Electrical Energy is a result of movement between charged particles. All things are made up of tiny particles called atoms and the atoms are made up of even smaller particles called electrons, neutrons, and protons. All things are made up of tiny particles called atoms and the atoms are made up of even smaller particles called electrons, neutrons, and protons. When a force of energy combines with the electrons it can cause movement and result in Electrical Energy! When a force of energy combines with the electrons it can cause movement and result in Electrical Energy!

22. Electrical Energy cont’ An examples of Electrical Energy: An examples of Electrical Energy: Electrical charges moving through a wire is electricity. Electrical charges moving through a wire is electricity. Lighting is also a form of electrical energy. Lighting is also a form of electrical energy. Electrical energy would be another type of kinetic energy Electrical energy would be another type of kinetic energy

23. Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy is directly involved with moving matter. Mechanical energy is directly involved with moving matter. It (Mechanical Energy) is stored in objects by application of a force. It (Mechanical Energy) is stored in objects by application of a force. Mechanical Energy is also under Potential Energy. Mechanical Energy is also under Potential Energy.

24. Mechanical Energy cont’ Examples of Mechanical energy include: Examples of Mechanical energy include: Stretched rubber bands Stretched rubber bands Compressed springs Compressed springs Even when you ride your bike Even when you ride your bike ( Your legs provide the mechanical energy to pedal.) As the muscles in your legs shorten they pull against your bones causing them to move. As the muscles in your legs shorten they pull against your bones causing them to move.

25. Radiant Energy Radiant energy is the energy that travels through/in transverse waves which includes the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum. Radiant energy is the energy that travels through/in transverse waves which includes the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum.

26. Radiant Energy cont’ Examples of Radiant Energy include: Examples of Radiant Energy include: X-Rays and infrared X-Rays and infrared Light Light Radio Radio Light Energy is important to the to the eyes because it stimulates the retinas which is vital to your vision. Light Energy is important to the to the eyes because it stimulates the retinas which is vital to your vision. The Ultraviolet waves are what cause your suntan and it is also responsible for our body producing vitamin D. The Ultraviolet waves are what cause your suntan and it is also responsible for our body producing vitamin D.

27. ATP ATP- defined as Active Transport Place ATP- defined as Active Transport Place Characteristics of ATP are: ATP has high energy bonds that are coiled together and when they are broken then release energy to be used by the cell. ATP has high energy bonds that are coiled together and when they are broken then release energy to be used by the cell. ATP transports certain solutes such as amino acids across the call membrane. ATP transports certain solutes such as amino acids across the call membrane. ATP activates contractile proteins in the muscles which will account for mechanical energy. (pedaling your bike) ATP activates contractile proteins in the muscles which will account for mechanical energy. (pedaling your bike) ATP also provides the energy that is needed in order to perform chemical reactions. ATP also provides the energy that is needed in order to perform chemical reactions.

28. Citations Books/References: Marieb, Elaine N. Essebtials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing, 1999. Marieb, Elaine N. Essebtials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing, 1999. Prentice Hall. Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1999. Prentice Hall. Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1999. Web sites:,. "Forms of Energy." Online posting... 23 Aug 2004..,. "Forms of Energy." Online posting... 23 Aug 2004.. "Scientific Forms of Energy." Energy kids Page. 23 Aug 2004. "Scientific Forms of Energy." Energy kids Page. 23 Aug 2004.