1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART B Basic Chemistry

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biochemistry: Essentials for Life  Organic compounds  Contain ________  Most are covalently bonded  Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)  __________ compounds  Lack carbon  Tend to be simpler compounds  Example: H 2 O (water)

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Water  Most abundant inorganic compounds  Vital properties  ______________________

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Salts  Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water  Include ____________ which conduct electrical currents

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Acids  Can release detectable _________/__________ ions  Bases  Proton __________

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings pH  Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions  pH 7 = ________  pH below 7 = ________  pH above 7 = ______  _________: chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  ______________  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include _______ and ___________  Classified according to size  ____________ – simple sugars  Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by _____________ synthesis  Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates DISACCHARIDES ANIMATION Figure 2.12a–b PRESS TO PLAY

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates POLYSACCHARIDES ANIMATION Figure 2.12c PRESS TO PLAY

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  _________  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen  Insoluble in water LIPIDS ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body  _______________  Found in fat deposits  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body (continued)  _______________  Form cell membranes  _______________  Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.14a–b

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cholesterol  The basis for all steroids made in the body Figure 2.14c

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  ____________  Made of ________ _______  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Account for over half of the body’s organic matter  Provides for construction materials for body tissues  Plays a vital role in cell function  Act as _________, __________, and ___________ CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: ENZYME ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes  Act as biological _________  _________ the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.17

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  ______________  Provide blueprint of life  Nucleotide bases  A = __________  G = __________  C = __________  T = __________  U = __________  Make DNA and RNA

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix  Replicates before cell division  Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.18c

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  _______________________ (______)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy ____________ bond  Produce in _____________

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.19a

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How ATP Drives Cellular Work Figure 2.20