1. Organic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated into two groups:
Doesn’t contain carbon
Non-living
Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, water
Organic
Contains carbon
Living (or dead)
Examples: wood, grass, diamonds, petroleum

2. Polymerization Monomers One unit of a compound Polymers
Many monomers combine to make a polymer
Macromolecules
Many large molecules combined

3. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, O Functions Types
Main energy source in organisms
Structural component in plants (CELLULOSE)
Types
Sugars
gives off energy when broken down
Ex. Sucrose, fructose, glucose
Starches
used as a storage molecule for sugars
Ex. Bread, rice, pasta, corn

4. Lipids Made of C, H, O Commonly called fats, oils, waxes Functions
in the form of glycerol and fatty acid chains
Commonly called fats, oils, waxes
Functions
Storage of energy
Parts of biological membranes
Water proof coverings
Chemical messengers (steroids)
Insoluble in water
Ex. Lard, butter, oil, hormones, steroids

5. Saturated fats (lard) lack double bonds
Fatty acid
Figure 3.8B
Figure 3.8C
Saturated fats (lard) lack double bonds
They are solid at room temperature

6. Nucleic acids Made of C, H, O, N, P Monomers are called nucleotides
Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base
Functions
Store hereditary information
Transmit hereditary information
Two types
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Nitrogenous base (A)
Phosphate group
Sugar
Figure 3.20A

7. RNA vs DNA There are THREE main differences between DNA & RNA
The sugar
In DNA its DEOXYribose sugar
In RNA it’s Ribose sugar
Number of strands
DNA is usually double stranded
RNA is ONLY single stranded
Nitrogen Bases
DNA
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
RNA
Adenine pairs with Uracil

8. Proteins Made of C, H, O, N (P, S) Monomers are amino acids Functions
There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to make millions of proteins
The most diverse macromolecules
Functions
Control the rates of chemical reactions (enzymes)
Regulate cell processes
Used to form bone & muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help fight disease
Amino group
Carboxyl (acid) group
Figure 3.12A

9. Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure
Amino acid
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Alpha helix
Figure 3.15, 16
Tertiary structure
Polypeptide (single subunit of transthyretin)
Quaternary structure
Transthyretin, with four identical polypeptide subunits
Figure 3.17, 18

10. Enzymes Special PROTEINS Act as biological CATALYSTS:
speed up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction
Activation Energy: energy needed to transform reactant substances into product substances
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
A substance that an enzyme reacts on is called the enzyme’s substrate
Only a small part of an enzyme molecule, called the active site, actually binds to the substrate

11. Enzymes are specific in the reactions they catalyze (Lock and Key model)
They will only catalyze one specific substance, in one direction (a -> b, but not b -> a)
They are reusable
A substance that an enzyme reacts on is called the enzyme’s substrate
Only the active site in the enzyme actually binds to the substrate
Enzymes end in –ase
Example: amylase, helicase

12. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:PH
Temperature
Salt concentration
Enzymes lose their shape easily (denature)
Shape is very important in enzyme activity!