1.  Give the molecular formula for each type of hydrocarbon below if it contains seven carbon atoms, draw one possible isomer and name that isomer.  A. An alkane  B. An alkene  C. An alkyne

2. Functional Groups

3.  A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound  A given functional group undergoes the same types of chemical reactions in every molecule in which it is found.  Therefore, compounds that contain the same functional group can be classified together.  The general formula for a class of organic compounds consists of the functional group and the letter R, which stands for the rest of the compound.

4.  Alcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups.  The general formula for alcohols if R-OH H OH  Example: ethanol H—C—C—H H H Alcohols are often used as alternative fuels, ethanol for example.

5.  Alcohols can be classified by the number of carbons bonded to the carbon which holds the hydroxyl group.  Primary alcohols have 1 carbon bonded to the alcohol carbon. Example—1-propanol  Secondary alcohols have 2 carbons bonded to the alcohol carbon. Example—2-propanol  Tertiary alcohols have 3 carbons bonded to the alcohol carbon. Example—2-methyl-2-butanol

6.  The name of the alkane chain loses the -e and adds –ol.  A number is used to indicated the carbon position of the hydroxyl group.  If more than one hydroxyl group is present, use the ending, -diol, -triol, etc. Name: H 3 C-CHOH-CHOH-CH 3

7.  Alkyl halides are organic compounds in which one or more halogen atoms, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine, are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.  Since X is often used to represent a halogen, the general formula for alkyl halides is R-X

8.  Chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFC’s have been used in the past as liquid refrigerants and in aerosol cans.  These were found to deplete the ozone because they would react with O 3 and convert it to diatomic oxygen, O 2.  Another alkyl halide is Teflon. C 2 F 4 is joined in long chains to make the Teflon coating. It has a low coefficient of friction which makes it ideal for a “non-stick” coating.

9.  You have already learned how to name alkyl halides. Halogenated Hydrocarbons Worksheet

10.  Ethers are organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen. The hydrocarbon groups may be the same or different.  The general formula is R—O—R ’.  Example: CH 3 —O—CH 3 Dimethyl ether

11.  Ethers are often used as organic solvents since they are relatively unreactive.

12.  Simply name the two hydrocarbon groups then add the term ether.  What would be the formula for methyl ethyl ether?  What would be the name of H 3 C-CH 2 -CH 2 -O- CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 ?

13.  Do the first 7 rows of the Functional Groups Worksheet

14.  Finish first 7 rows of Functional Groups Worksheet  Read Text 733-734  Text 734 #1-5

15.  Write the general formula for the following and give one example of each: a) alcohol b) ether c) alkyl halide

16.  Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group.  Aldehydes have the carbonyl group attached to a carbon atom at the end of a chain.  Ketones have the carbonyl group attached to carbon atoms within the chain.  General Formula for Aldehydes and Ketones

17.  Aldehydes and ketones are often responsible for odors and flavors.  See Figure 14 Page 733

18.  Since the carbonyl group is always attached to the 1 st carbon, we do not use numbers to indicate the position of the carbonyl group when naming aldehydes.  Drop the ending –ane, -ene or -yne from the hydrocarbon and add –al  What is the structural formula for butanal?  Name this one

19.  Drop the –e from the parent chain and add -one.  You must use a position number for the carbonyl group.  Carbonyl groups have priority for numbering.  What is the structure for 2-hexanone?  Name this one:

20.  Amines are organic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia, NH 3.  Because the ammonia atoms have an unshared electron pair, they will act as weak bases in aqueous solutions.  The general formula is R-N-R” R’

21.  Primary Amines—drop the –e of the parent chain, add –amine.  Example: 2-propanamine  Secondary Amines—drop the –e of the parent chain, add amine. Use N-to designate that the second alkyl group is present on the nitrogen atom.  Example: N-methyl-1-propanamine  Tertiary Amines are named like secondary, but use two N’s to designate the second and third alkyl group.  Example: N, N-dimethylpropanamine

22.  Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group.  General Formula  Carboxylic acids, like inorganic acids, react to lose a H+ and become negatively charged in water.  They are weak acids.  Acetic acid is a carboxylic acid as is the citric acid found in many fruits.

23.  Since the carboxyl group is always at the end of the chain, there is no need to indicate the position number of the group. It is always on the 1 st carbon.  Drop the ending –e and add –oic acid.  What would be the structure for butanoic acid?  Name this one:

24.  Esters are organic compounds that have carboxylic acid groups in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an alkyl group.  General Formula  Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids.  Many occur naturally in fats and oils.  Low molecular weight esters are found in essential oils and pheremones.

25.  First name the part that is the alkyl group, then the acid using an –oate ending.  What would be the structure for methyl propanoate?  Name this:

26.  Complete the rest of the table.

27.  Finish Functional Groups Worksheet  Complete Practice with Functional Groups Worksheet #1-8  Functional Groups Quiz—Friday 5/28